Author Topic: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol  (Read 343 times)

jon

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dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« on: October 25, 2010, 11:56:36 PM »
thanks headstrong for hudlicky's book in it i found this reference for the dehalogenation of aromatic compounds y means of u.v. light and isopropanol and the reference is:
pinkkey d.t.,rigby r.d.g Tetrahedron letters 1969 1267 (36,68)
which lead to this finding

A long Google Books link

page 518 see scheme 8

uv light in the wavelength of 313 nm i would venture i'm not sure the wattage needed to accomplish this

essentially the aryl chloride is converted to an aryl radical and a Cl radical by (hv) simultaneously isopropanol is converted to a beta radical by the chlorine radical which give HX and pinacols as products typical yeilds are 77%

can anyone find the full reference for this???

another question: since the higher wattage high frequency uv lamps are typically 254 nm wavelength (used for germicidal applications) would a shorter, more energetic wavelength work just as well?
« Last Edit: October 26, 2010, 02:32:16 AM by Enkidu »

Enkidu

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #1 on: October 26, 2010, 01:30:23 AM »
« Last Edit: October 26, 2010, 01:43:39 AM by Enkidu »

Enkidu

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #2 on: October 26, 2010, 02:33:36 AM »
can anyone find the full reference for this???

The reference is here.

jon

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #3 on: October 26, 2010, 02:51:01 AM »
thank you very much!!!

Enkidu

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #4 on: October 26, 2010, 03:22:28 AM »
another question: since the higher wattage high frequency uv lamps are typically 254 nm wavelength (used for germicidal applications) would a shorter, more energetic wavelength work just as well?

Though I can't yet tell you which wavelengths are needed and why, CHEMISTRY LETTERS, pp. 1589-1592, 1987 used "a 30W low pressure mercury lamp located at the center of concentrically surrounded quarz vessel containing the acetonitrile solution of a polychlorobenzene." The original reference used a "a 125-W medium pressure mercury arc in a water-cooled quartz well." From some preliminary findings, it seems that the quartz is important. From this wiki page, "in low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps, only the lines at 184 nm and 253 nm are present, though only the light at 253 nm is usable unless synthetic quartz is used to manufacture the tube as the line is otherwise absorbed. In medium-pressure mercury-vapor lamps, the lines from 200-600 nm are present." Therefore, the lower wavelengths are necessary. I'll keep looking and update this post.

jon

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #5 on: October 26, 2010, 03:41:34 PM »
this gentleman used a fair amount of expletives to describe the use of a fluorescent lamp to induce a photochemical reaction.
the kind of expletives you would find yourself uttering doing labwork on occasion.
there are full spectrum versions of these and the wattage output may compensate for the lack of output in the uv region.

http://www.thechemblog.com/?p=864

Enkidu

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #6 on: October 26, 2010, 04:46:29 PM »
Photochemical Dehalogenation of Polyhalobenzenes. I. Survey of the Reactivity in Hexane Solution
Masahiro Nakada,Sachio Fukushi,Hideaki Nishiyama,Keiji Okubo,Kotaro Kume,Minoru Hirota and Tetsuo Ishii
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 56, 2447 - 2451 (1983)

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #7 on: October 28, 2010, 07:03:41 PM »
Sorry to ventrure slightly off topic but would a "high pressure" mercury lamp work?
Like the ones used at streetlights at one point of time?
A 250w one just happens to lie around and it might serve better as a photochemical reactor parth then as improvised glassware made due to poverty and boredom.
Interesting topic, even if no real interest in downers is seen on this side of screen.

jon

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #8 on: October 28, 2010, 08:40:05 PM »
depends on the peak absorption spectra of your substrate and what kind of reaction is taking place.
in the case of aryl chlorides the absorption spectra is 250 nm and less i don't have the exact maxima but it seems more prudent to use a UV-C lamps for a number of reasons.
1) it does'nt give off much heat energy so it could be sleeved in a quartz jacket and submersed in the reaction soup.
2) efficiency no wasted energy so a lower wattage could be used.
« Last Edit: November 01, 2010, 05:28:27 AM by jon »

Enkidu

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #9 on: November 01, 2010, 02:07:48 AM »
CHEMISTRY LETTERS, pp. 1589-1592, 1987 used "a 30W low pressure mercury lamp located at the center of concentrically surrounded quarz vessel containing the acetonitrile solution of a polychlorobenzene." The original reference used a "a 125-W medium pressure mercury arc in a water-cooled quartz well." From some preliminary findings, it seems that the quartz is important. From this wiki page, "in low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps, only the lines at 184 nm and 253 nm are present, though only the light at 253 nm is usable unless synthetic quartz is used to manufacture the tube as the line is otherwise absorbed. In medium-pressure mercury-vapor lamps, the lines from 200-600 nm are present." Therefore, the lower wavelengths are necessary.

I lub it when I'm right.

Quote
The mechanism of bond homolysis for chloro-, bromo- and iodobenzene in the vapour phase has been studied using an excitation source emitting at 193 nm (Freedman et al., 1980)

http://127.0.0.1/talk/index.php/topic,1416.msg16526.html#msg16526

=== Edit #1

The chemistry of the carbon-halogen bond (1973)
ifile.it/n1j8qsm (courtesy of kmno4 at SM)

Chapter 11 is the one you want.
« Last Edit: November 01, 2010, 02:32:08 AM by Enkidu »

jon

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #10 on: November 01, 2010, 05:26:01 AM »
this is a good example of a uv-c sterilizing bulb with quartz sleeve and ballast.

http://www.americanaquariumproducts.com/QuartzSleeveBallast.html
« Last Edit: November 01, 2010, 05:28:06 AM by jon »

Enkidu

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #11 on: November 03, 2010, 01:44:40 AM »
Acetone should be added to the solution as a photochemical sensitizer.

jon

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #12 on: November 11, 2010, 03:40:12 AM »
enkidu you are such a wealth of knowledge i wanted to pose this question: since loperamide is negligbly soluble in isopropanol would adding methanol (which it's freely soluble in) interfere with the reaction scheme homolysis>radical formation>reduction????
i don't see any problems with it but, i just wanted to run it by you.

Enkidu

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #13 on: November 11, 2010, 06:06:15 AM »
I don't think that it would be a problem. A cosolvent system might be best because IIRC the rate of hydrogen abstraction was the fastest in isopropanol.
« Last Edit: November 11, 2010, 06:16:26 AM by Enkidu »

jon

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #14 on: November 11, 2010, 08:26:48 AM »
righto o was looking at that paper and the lamdba was >300nm rings absorb light in the 190-254nm range so i think it might not be even nessecary to use ketones because all they are doing is transfering photons to a system that does'nt absorb at that frequency/wavelength.
in other words it's a nice paper (publish or perish) but it is'nt needed for this system also they used a water cooling jacket that would'nt be needed for a sterilizing uv-c lamp because uv-a and uv-b produce heat and uv-c runs cool so that simplifies things a bit for us if you read the original document you'll see what i'm saying i think isopropanol is used because it forms a stable carbocation or radical being secondary, it would'nt hurt to throw a little co-solvent in the mix.
it would'nt even hurt to throw a little cyclohexanone in there too for good meausure.
that's another paper right there ;D
« Last Edit: November 11, 2010, 08:34:43 AM by jon »

Enkidu

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #15 on: November 11, 2010, 09:44:41 AM »
Well, that paper wasn't the best support for the claim, but if you look at the UV spectrum of acetone, it's max absorbance wavelength is at 195nm and another (local) max is at 274nm..



Since you need a dilute reaction mixture to avoid polymerization between phenyl groups, you want a sensitizer to grab all the photons it can from the UVC (assuming you're emitting UVC with a low pressure mercury lamp, which emits at 193nm and 254nm or wavelengths close to them). Acetone is added to help efficiently utilize the available energy.

Tertiary radicals are the most stable but IIRC isopropanol worked even better than t-butanol (but I could be wrong about that).

jon

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #16 on: November 11, 2010, 11:01:58 AM »
i'd say you're right about most everything thus far. and so convenient! uv-c low pressure mercury bulbs emit 90% of their energy in the 250 nm range.
maybe 10% in the 190 nm range
the non-ozone producing ones are between 253nm and 340nm
the medium pressure bulbs that is.
chlorobenzene; peak absorption = around 240nm
« Last Edit: November 11, 2010, 11:46:16 AM by jon »

Sedit

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #17 on: November 11, 2010, 05:36:47 PM »
You can be assured strong stirring would be needed to effect this reaction because at the wavelengths we are talking about most solvents or solvent systems will not allow penetration of more then a few mm at best hence the reason the light is submerged in the flask.

I got a book around here solely devoted to photochemistry ill see if I can find it and if theres anything that might be of some use to you.

I want to stress the fact that there has already been atlest one OD from loperamime mannitol mixture and increasing the potancy of these compounds might not have the results expected. A normal dose of Loperamine for diarrea is 2mg. Imagine what 2mg of fentanyl would do to someone. I have seen a serious opiate users realllyyyy fucked up off of 200micrograms of fentanyl and would hate to see what 10x that amount would do to him.
« Last Edit: November 11, 2010, 05:39:25 PM by Sedit »
There once were some bees and you took all there stuff!
You pissed off the wasp now enough is enough!!!

jon

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #18 on: November 11, 2010, 09:04:55 PM »
one could probably get away with a teflon tube (fairly inert to uv light)
immerse the quart sleeved uv bulb into it and leave little clearance like you suggested.
some pvc's are photoresistant to uv light too.
convection should be sufficient to move the solvent around.

[insert by Enkidu from here].

trying to figure out how to setup that photoreaction and i think i got it.
UVC bulbs give off little heat so they can be submerged.
quartz sleeves and uvc bulbs are available everywhere for water purification and they are usually just setup in pvc.
so one could have a pve pipe capped at one end and the other capped with an opening for the qaurtz sleeve with a rubber taper seal for the opening.
the uvc bulb could be sealed up to protect it from thermal shock and if nessecary the pipe could be cooled by circulating water through it with a glass/plastic tube.
basically a 35-50 watt bulb will do nicely because of the high energy of the spectrum and the fact that aromatics absorb right in the 180-256 nm range.
it would be very easy.
of course uv light would break down pvc but there are different kinds of pvc that are resistant to uv attack.
if one wanted to be anal he could use polyfluorocarbon plastics.
« Last Edit: September 18, 2011, 05:37:10 AM by Enkidu »

Sedit

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Re: dehalogenation of loperamide with uv light and isopropanol
« Reply #19 on: November 11, 2010, 10:22:01 PM »
I have made N2 laser which transmist an extremely strong laser beam at around 315nm or something along them lines. I failed to find ANY plastic that did not absorb the laser beam evident by a piece of floresent paper placed behind it. This beam is strong enough to make almost anything florese BTW. Almost all material would show some reaction to the beam normally either a dull reaction or a powerful floresence in its path. It was powerful enough to make dye from a floresent marker concentrated and dissolved in MeOH itself lase and produce a green laser beam from the dyecell I made from microscope slides.

The point I guess im getting at is even with all the power in the world you are going to need quartz tubes and flask just to transmit the light even a few mm into the reaction. It is absorbed very easy by many substances evident by the floresent reaction(absorbtion of the photons) it encountered on contact with things.
There once were some bees and you took all there stuff!
You pissed off the wasp now enough is enough!!!