Nat. Prod. Rep., 2003, 20(3), 342 - 365   DOI: 10.1039/b111626f	Review Article
-Phenylethylamines and the isoquinoline alkaloids

Kenneth W. Bentley
Marrview, Tillybirloch, Midmar, Aberdeenshire, UK AB51 7PS

Contents
1	-Phenylethylamines
2	Isoquinolines
3	Naphthylisoquinolines
4	Benzylisoquinolines
5	Bisbenzylisoquinolines
6	Pavines and isopavines
7	Berberines and tetrahydroberberines
8	Secoberberines
9	Protopines
10	Phthalide–isoquinolines
11	Other modified berberines
12	Benzophenanthridines
13	Emetine and related alkaloids
14	Aporphinoid alkaloids
14.1	Proaporphines
14.2	Aporphines
14.3	Dimeric aporphines
14.4	Aporphine–benzylisoquinoline dimers
14.5	Secoaporphines (phenanthrenes)
14.6	Oxoaporphines
14.7	Dioxoaporphines
14.8	Aristolactams
14.9	Oxoisoaporphines
15	Alkaloids of the morphine group
16	Phenethylisoquinolines
17	Colchicine and related alkaloids
18	Erythrina alkaloids
18.1	Erythrinanes
18.2	Homoerythrinanes
18.3	Cephalotoxine and related alkaloids
19	Other alkaloids

Covering: July 2001 to June 2002. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2002, 19, 332

This review covers -phenylethylamines and isoquinoline alkaloids and compounds derived from them, including further products of oxidation, condensation with formaldehyde and rearrangement, some of which do not contain an isoquinoline system, together with naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, which have a different biogenetic origin. The occurrence of the alkaloids, with the structures of new bases, together with their reactions, syntheses and biological activities are reported. The literature from July 2001 to June 2002 is reviewed, with 581 references cited.

-Phenylethylamines and amides have been isolated from the following plant species, the ten marked with asterisks being new alkaloids:

N-cis-feruloyl-3-O-methyldopamine* (3-O-methyltuberosine A) 1

N-p-coumaroyltyramine, N-cis-feruloyltyramine, N-trans- feruloyltyramine, N-cis-sinapoyltyramine* 2 and N-trans-sinapoyltyramine* 3

N-benzoylphenylethylamine* 4a, (S)-N-benzoyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylamine* 4b and (R)-N-nicotinoyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylamine* 5

N-benzoylphenylethylamine, (S)-N-benzoyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylamine, N-cis-cinnamoylphenylethylamine* 6, N-trans-cinnamoylphenylethylamine* 7a and (S)-N-trans-cinnamoyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylamine* 7b

jubanine C* 8, scutianine C and zizyphine A

Jubanine C 8 is a new alkaloid similar to waltherines A, B and C, of the paracyclophane group, and a total synthesis of sanjoinine G1 13b, of this group, has been reported. The pentafluorophenyl ester of (S,S)-N,N-dibenzylhydroxyleucine 9 was condensed with the amine 10, to give the dipeptide 11, which was cyclised to the cyclophane 12a. Removal of the nitro group yielded 12b, which was hydrolysed to the amine and this was condensed with L-N,N-dimethylphenylalanine to give O-acetylsanjoinine G1 13a, hydrolysed by potassium carbonate in aqueous methanol to give sanjoinine G1 13b.⁶ An asymmetric synthesis of the marine phenylethylamine (S)-(+)-chelonine B 14 has been reported.⁷

(±)-Ephedrine and (±)-pseudoephedrine have been synthesised by the bromination of ethyl phenyl ketone, amination of the resulting 15a to give 15b and reduction of the carbonyl group.⁸ An asymmetric synthesis of (–)-pseudoephedrine 20 has been achieved from (S,S)-3-phenyloxiran-2-ylmethanol 16 by amination to 17, followed by silylation and treatment with dibenzyl carbonate and sodium iodide, which proceeds with a stereospecific interchange of the amino and alcohol functions via the intermediate aziridine 18, to give 19, previously converted into (–)-pseudoephedrine.⁹ In approaches to the commercial preparation of ephedrine the biosynthesis of phenyl acetyl carbinol by immobilised SaccharomycesSc-5 yeast cells has been studied.^10,11 The conversion of (+)-pseudoephedrine into (–)-ephedrine in 85% yield has been achieved by heating with glacial acetic acid in the presence of catalytic amounts of acetic anhydride.^12,13 Methods for the separation^14,15 and estimation^14–17 of the Ephedra alkaloids have been described.

Reaction of ephedrine with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and sodium cyanide has afforded the cyano-amine 21, hydrolysis of which by acid yielded the (5S,6R) morpholinone 22.¹⁸ Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine have been reacted with the dihalodihydrofuranones 23a–23d to give the dihydrofuranones 24a–24b and 25a–25b.¹⁹ Acylation of pseudoephedrine with substituted phenylacetyl chlorides has given the amides 26a–26c, the enolates of which reacted with di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate to give the chiral compounds 27a–27c, which have been hydrolysed to arylglycines in high optical purity.²⁰ The preparation of pseudoephedrine salicylate has been described.²¹

The photochemical oxidation of ephedrine by singlet oxygen has been shown to give the symmetrically substituted hydrazine 28, resulting from a radical pairing process, together with the dihydroindole 29, formed by an internal radical substitution.²² The resolution of (±)-ephedrine has been described²³ and the crystallographic forms of the diastereoisomeric salts of ephedrine and of deoxyephedrine with (+)-and (–)-4-fluoromandelic acid have been compared.²⁴ The pharmacological properties and physiological effects of ephedrine^25–37 and of pseudoephedrine^28,38 have been studied.

The new isoquinoline alkaloid cherianoine 30 has been isolated from Annona cherimola.³⁹

(S)-(–)-Salsolidine (31a) has been obtained in 40% enantiomeric excess by the reaction of methyllithium with 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline in the presence of (–)-sparteine as a chiral ligand. The dihydroisoquinoline methiodide under the same conditions afforded the (R)-tetrahydroisoquinolines (+)-carnegine 31b and 31c with methyl lithium and phenyllithium respectively.⁴⁰ Syntheses of both (R)- and (S)-salsolidine in high enantiomeric excess have also been achieved by the Pictet–Spengler cyclisations of the homoveratrylamide 32 using the (R)- and (S)-forms of Andersen's reagent.⁴¹ The thiazolino[2,3-a]isoquinolines 33a and 33b have been oxidised to the sulfoxides and then desulfurised to give the N-acetyltetrahydroisoquinolines 31d and 31e, which gave heliamine 31f and (±)-salsolidine on hydrolysis.⁴² A further synthesis of (±)-salsolidine and of (±)-salsoline is involved in the syntheses of bernumicine and bernumidine (section 4).

Reaction of the nitrostyrene 34a with 4-benzyloxyphenylmagnesium bromide has given the diarylnitroethane 35a which was reduced to the amine 35b. This suffered Pictet–Spengler cyclisation and N-methylation when treated with formaldehyde and formic acid to give 36a, which was debenzylated to (±)-cherylline 36b. A similar synthesis of (±)-O,O-dimethylcherylline 36c was achieved from 34b.⁴³

A patent for the synthesis of complex tetrahydroisoquinolines as potential medicinal agents has been published.⁴⁴

Circular dichroism calculations for the assignment of the axial configuration to dioncophylline A 37 have been published.⁴⁵

A first synthesis of the 7,3-linked alkaloid ancistrocladidine has been reported. The highly hindered biaryl linkage was forged by the reaction of the lead compound 38c, formed from 38avia38b, with 8-methoxy-3-methyl-1-naphthol to give 39. This aldehyde, protected as its methoxymethyl ether, was converted by the Wittig reaction into the allylic alcohol 40, which was oxidised to the epoxide 41a, the ester 41b of which reduced to the alcohol 42. This was aminated, with reversal of stereochemistry, to the amine 43a and Bischler–Napieralsky cyclisation of the N-acetyl compound 43b was accompanied by cleavage of the methoxymethyl ether to give ancistrocladidine 44 and its atropisomer.⁴⁶

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been isolated from the following plant species, the five marked with asterisks being new alkaloids

anocherine A* 45a and anocherine B* 45b

reticuline

isococlaurine, N-methylisococlaurine and 7-deoxy-5-methoxymagnocurarine chloride* 46

N,O-dimethylneolitacumonine* 47

norcinnamolaurine

neolitacumonine* 48a

The new quaternary alkaloid 47 was previously prepared as the poorly characterised iodide by the N-methylation of O-methylneolitacumonine 48b (then unnamed) isolated from Ocotea macrophylla.^51,52 Nymphaedaline, a phenoxybenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Hernandia nymphaeifolia (section 5) is clearly a degraded bisbenzylisoquinoline.

The structure of the alkaloid thalprzewalskiione, formerly believed to be 49a, has been revised to 49b, following the synthesis of these two positional isomers.⁵³

The potassium salt of armepavine has been reacted with acrylonitrile to give 50 and with dichloromethane to give the bimolecular compound 51.⁵⁴ The photochemical oxidation of papaverine by singlet oxygen has been shown to give the 1,4-peroxide 52,²¹ and the thermal decomposition of O-methylarmepavine N-oxide to give the isoquinolone N-methylcorydaldine 53.⁵⁵ The dihydroisoquinoline N-oxides 54a and 54b undergo [3+2]cycloaddition to the arylalkyne 55 to give the adducts 56a and 56b, which are rearranged by heat to the pyrroles 57a and 57b and these on treatment with aluminium chloride suffer cleavage of the isopropyl ether and ester groups, with concomitant lactonisation to give lamellarin I 58a and lamellarin K 58b.⁵⁶

A synthesis of the N-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid bernumicine has been achieved via (±)-salsoline, prepared by Pictet–Spengler condensation of the phenylethylamine 59a with acetaldehyde diethyl ketal and reductive debenzylation. Resolution of this with L-(+)-tartaric acid yielded (R)-(+)-salsoline 60, which reacted with 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl toluenesulfonate to give (R)-(+)-bernumicine 61, identical with the natural alkaloid. Similarly (±)-salsolidine, prepared from 59b and resolved with D-(–)-tartaric acid, was converted into (R)-(+)-bernumidine 62.⁵⁷

The pharmacological properties and physiological effects of papaverine,^58–64 of ethaverine⁶⁵ and of the bimolecular laudanosine derivative atracurium^66–73 have been studied.

The new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids tiliacosine 63a and tiliasine 63b have been isolated from Tiliacora racemosa, their structures being deduced from a comparison of their spectra with those of their close relatives tiliamosine, N-methyltiliamosine and tiliacorine.⁷⁴ The phenoxybenzylisoquinoline alkaloid nymphaedaline 64, isolated from Hernandia nymphaeifolia,⁷⁵ is clearly an oxidised bisbenzylisoquinoline, probably derived from O-demethylateamine.

The NMR spectra of fangchinoline have been studied.⁷⁶ The N,N-dibenzyl quaternary salt of (S,S)-(+)-tetrandrine 65 has been prepared and shown to dimerise in aqueous solution. Physicochemical studies have shown strong binding of the salt to succinate and aromatic carboxylate ions and to nucleotides.⁷⁷

The pharmacological properties and physiological effects of berbamine,^78,79 of cepharanthine,^80,81 of dauricine,^82–84 of tetrandrine^82,85–101 and of tubocurarine¹⁰² have been studied.

Five new alkaloids of the pavine group, 12-hydroxy-O-methylcaryachine 66, 12-hydroxycrychine 67, N-demethylcrychine 68, escholzidine N-oxide 69a and isocaryachine N-oxide 69b have been isolated from Cryptocarya chinensis.^103,104

N-Methylation of the base 70a, followed by heating of the quaternary salt with potassium tert-butoxide effects a Stevens rearrangement to give the isopavine 71. Similar rearrangements of the internal quaternary salts formed from 70b and 70c affords the more complex isopavines 72 and 73 respectively.¹⁰⁵

Alkaloids of the berberine group have been isolated from the following plant species, the four marked with asterisks being new alkaloids:

10-O-demethyldiscretine

stylopine

tetrahydrocorydaline

demethylcordalmine and spinosine

pseudocolumbamine

javaberine A* 74, javaberine B* 75 and 3-deoxyjavaberine A* 76

berberine and thalibealine* 77

A glucoside of the 3-O-methyl ether of 76 and its cis N-oxide have previously been isolated as alkaloids from Aristolochia gigantea.¹¹¹ Two berberine–benzylisoquinoline dimers, longiberine and O-methyllongiberine have recently been discovered¹¹² and thalibealine is the second recorded berberine–aporphine dimer, being isomeric with acutioporberine 78,¹¹³ the structure of which was incorrectly drawn in the previous review. The only other dimeric alkaloids containing the berberine system are the beberine dimers bisjatrorrhizine,¹¹⁴ berpodine¹¹⁵ and ilicifoline.¹¹⁶

A patent for a procedure for the extraction of acutioporberine from Thalictrum acutifolium and for its use as an antitumour agent has been published.¹¹⁷ The molecular and crystal structures of berberine azide 79a, of berberine thiocyanate 79b and of 8-cyanodihydroberberine 80a have been studied,¹¹⁸

Berberine chloride 79c has been reduced to tetrahydroberberine 81 by indium in aqueous ammonium chloride¹¹⁹ and converted into 8-aminodihydroberberine 80b by liquid ammonia. Coptisine reacts in a similar manner with ammonia.¹²⁰ Reaction of the lithium salt 82 with the enantiomerically pure 83 affords the adduct 84 which, when treated with dibutylaluminium hydride, is converted into the dihydroisoquinoline 85 and this has been reduced and cyclised to (S)-(+)-xylopinine 86.¹²¹ A review of methods of synthesis of tetrahydroberberines¹²² and patents for the synthesis of berberine¹²³ and palmatine¹⁰⁷ and their derivatives^107,124 have been published.

The pharmacological properties and physiological effects of berberine,^125–136 of tetrahydroberberine,¹³⁷ of coptisine,¹³⁸ of tetrahydropalmatine¹³⁹ of stepholidine^140,141 and of stylopine¹⁰⁶ have been studied. The new alkaloid javaberine A 74 has been shown to be a strong inhibitor of the lipopolysaccharide induced production of tumour necrosis factor and nitric oxide from mouse peritoneal macrophages, though it is less potent in this respect than some thiazolidinediones.¹⁰⁸

Torulosine and the four new secoberberine alkaloids, dihydroleptopine 87, 8-oxohypecorinine N-oxide 88, demethyltorulosine N-methochloride 89 and hypecoleptopine 90 have been isolated from Hypecoum leptocarpum.¹⁴² Structures were derived for these new alkaloids on the basis of their NMR spectra, but it should be noted that that assigned to hypecoleptopine does not bear an obvious relationship to that of any alkaloid of the berberine or benzylisoquinoline groups, containing in its skeleton four additional carbon atoms in a naphthalene system.

Protopine has been isolated from Fumaria schleicheri.¹⁴³ The pyrolysis of protopine N-oxide 91 has afforded the oxamine 92, resulting from a Meisenheimer rearrangement, together with the phenylnaphthalene 93.¹⁴⁴

The phthalide–isoquinoline alkaloids adlumidiceine and N-methylhydrasteine have been isolated from Fumaria schleicheri.¹⁴³ The pharmacological properties and physiological effects of bicuculline have been studied.^145–149

A novel synthesis of (±)-lennoxamine has been achieved. Homopiperonylamine 94 was condensed with 5-oxo-1,3-dioxine 95 and the resulting imine was acylated with the acid chloride 96 to give the enamide 97. This, on treatment with boron trifluoride etherate, suffered a retrocycloaddition to afford 98, which then cyclised to the benzazepine 99a. Oxidation of this aldehyde gave the acid 99b, which, when subjected to a Kochi reaction, gave the enamide 100 and free-radical cyclisation of this with tributyltin hydride yielded (±)-lennoxamine 101.¹⁵⁰ A related synthesis of (±)-aphanorphine is described in section 19.

Benzophenanthridine alkaloids have been isolated from the following plant species:

sanguinarine and oxosanguinarine

8-acetonyldihydroavicine, 8-acetonyldihydronitidine and decarine

N-demethylchelerythrine

8-acetonyldihydroavicine, 8-acetonyldihydronitidine and decarine

The amines 103a and 103b have been acylated with the acid chlorides 102a and 102b to give the amides 104a–104c, which were cyclised to oxochelerythrine 105a, oxonitidine 105b and 12-methoxyoxochelerythrine 105c by palladium diacetate in the presence of the bidentate ligand 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane and triphenylphosphine. Similar results were obtained with analogues of 104 in which the trifluoroacetoxy group was replaced by bromine or by iodine.¹⁵³

The pharmacological properties and physiological effects of chelerythrine,^154–156 of sanguinarine,^157,158 of 8-acetonyldihydroavicine¹⁵¹ and of 8-acetonyldihydronitidine¹⁵¹ have been studied.

Five new tetrahydroquinoline–monoterpene glycosides, demethylisoalangiside 106, demethylalangiside 2-O--D-glucoside 107, (4R)-4-hydroxyipecoside 108, ipecoside 6-O--D-glucoside 109 and ipecoside 6-O--D-glucoside 110 have been isolated as new alkaloids, together with the known alkaloids demethylalangiside and ipecoside, from Cephaelis acuminata.¹⁵⁹

Proaporphine alkaloids have been isolated from the following plant species, the seven marked with asterisks being new alkaloids:

stepharine

1-O-demethylcryprochine* 111, isoamuronine* 112a, isocryprochine* 113, pro-oxocryprochine* 114 and 8,9-dihydrostepharine* 112b

roehybridine -N-oxide* 115 and roehybramine -N-oxide* 116

Aporphine alkaloids have been isolated from the following plant species, the four marked with asterisks being new alkaloids:

artabonatine B and romucosine H* 117

anonaine, artabonatine D* 118, asimilobine, cissaglaberimine, isocorydine, isopiline, N-methylisopiline, norisocorydine, O-methylnorlirinine, nornuciferine, norstephalgine, N-acetylnorstephalgine, norushinsunine, roemerine and stephalgine

glaucine and isoboldine -N-oxide* 119

dasymachaline and dasymachaline -N-oxide* 120

anonaine

calycinine, duguetine, duguevanine, isopiline, O-methylisopiline nornuciferine, oliveridine, oliveroline, oliveroline -N-oxide and pachypodanthine

laetine

isoboldine, laetanine, norisocorydine and N-methyllaurotetanine

laurolitsine

glaucine

magnoflorine

The heterocyclic compounds 122 and 123 have been prepared from boldine 121¹⁶⁴ and O,O-methylenebisisofugipavine 124 has been obtained by heating the sodium salt of the alkaloid with dichloromethane.⁵⁴ Patents have appeared on the conversion of laurolitsine through glaucine into thaliporphine and the formation from this of the derivatives 125a–125d for use as treatments for cardiac arrhythmias¹⁶³ and on the preparation of 3-O-esters of apomorphine.¹⁶⁵ Details of the synthesis of (R)-11–2,6disubstitutedphenylaporphines e.g.12b as serotonin receptor antagonists¹⁶⁶ have been published.

The pharmacological properties and physiological effects of apomorphine^167–201 and of laetine⁷⁵ have been studied.

A new 7,7-bisdehydroaporphine, artabonatine F 127, has been isolated from Artabotrys uncinatus⁴⁷ and its close analogues, the known alkaloids urabaine, 7,7-bisdehydro-O-methylisopiline and 7-dehydronuciferyl-7-dehydro-O-methylisopiline, have been isolated, together with the new alkaloid phoenicanthusine 128, have been isolated from Phoenicanthus obliqua.¹⁰⁷ Phoenicanthusine, the structure of which was determined solely from its spectra, is a dimer of dehydronuciferine and dehydroglaucine and is the first dimeric aporphine to be discovered with two linkages, 4,6 and 5,7, between the two units. The other known dimeric aporphines are 7,7-linked as in 127, 4,7-linked as in polybeccarine and beccapoline,^202,203 8,8-linked as in 8,8-bisisocorydine²⁰⁴ or singly linked through oxygen as in the 8,11-linked O-bisisocorydine 129²⁰⁵ and its 8,9-linked isomer dehatripine.²⁰⁴

The aporphine–benzylisoquinoline dimer thalmelatidine has been isolated from Thalictrum wangii.¹⁰⁹ Fifty-six alkaloids of this type are known and all except uskudaramine, which is a biphenyl, are linked through oxygen. The oxygen-linked aporphine dimers O-bisisocorydine 129 and dehatripine and the aporphine–berberine dimers thalibealine 77 and acutioporberine 78 are simply further members of this class.

N-Methylsecoglaucine has been isolated from Phoenicanthus obliqua¹⁰⁷ Treatment of dicentrine 130 with ethyl formate has given the phenanthrene 131a, and this has been converted into the tertiary amines 131b–131e. All of these compounds exhibit strong cytotoxic effects on several cancer cell lines.²⁰⁶

Oxoaporphine alkaloids have been isolated from the following plant species, the three marked with asterisks being new alkaloids:

artabonatine C* 132a, artabonatine D* 132b, artacinatine, atherospermidine, O-methylmoschatoline and oxoasimilobine

dicentrinone

oxo-O-methylbulbocapnine* 133

liriodenine

liriodenine

A novel synthesis of N-methyluregidione has bee achieved. 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde and N-methylanisylamine afforded the carbinolamine 134, which reacted with diphenylphosphane oxide to give 135. Treatment of this with butyllithium and 2-bromobenzaldehyde gave the enamine 136, which was cyclised by tributyltin hydride to the aminophenanthrene 137. Reductive removal of the anisyl group and acylation of the resulting secondary amine with oxalyl chloride afforded the acid chloride 138, which was cyclised by stannic chloride to N-methyluregidione 139.²⁰⁷

Aristolactam A-Ia 140a and its 8-O-methyl ether 140b, which is a new alkaloid, have been isolated from Goniothalamus cheliensis.²⁰⁸

The azaaristolactam eupolauramine has been synthesised by a process similar to that leading to the amine 137. Cyclisation of the amide 141 yielded the lactam 142, the lithium salt of which condensed with 2-iodobenzaldehyde to give the benzylic alcohol, which was dehydrated to the E-olefin 143. Cyclsation of this with tributyltin hydride afforded the azaphenanthrene 144a, which was converted through the bromo and hydroxy compounds 144b and 144c into eupolauramine 144d.²⁰⁹

Four new oxoisoaporphine alkaloids, daurioxoisoporphines A 145, B 146, C 147 and D 148 have been isolated from Menispermum dauricum. Daurioxoisoporphines A and B show cytotoxic effects on certain cancer cell lines.²¹⁰

Alkaloids of the morphine and related groups have been isolated from the following plant species, the two marked with asterisks being new alkaloids:

flavinantine and salutaridine

N-methylflavinantine and pallidine

acutumine 149a, acutumidine 149b, dauricumine* 150a and dauricumidine* 150b

Dauricumine and dauricumidine are epimers of acutumine and acutumidine respectively and when the four alkaloids, labelled with chlorine-36, were fed to root cultures of Menispermum dauricum dauricumine was converted into acutumine and acutumidine, but the reverse transformations were not observed, indicating that dauricumine is the first alkaloid to be produced; mutual interconversions between dauricumine and dauricumidine and between acutumine and acutumidine were observed, but dauricumine was not converted into acutumidine.²¹¹

The progress of the production of thebaine, codeine and morphine at various stages in the growth of Papaver somniferum plants has been studied²¹² and a process for the extraction of sinomenine from Sinomenium diels has been published.²¹³

The oxidation of morphine with phenyliodo(III) diacetate in the presence of methanol has afforded the O-quinone ketal 151. The increased stereochemical flexibility in dihydromorphine allows the C-6 hydroxy group to participate in this reaction and oxidation of this compound afforded the ketal 152, whereas dihydroisomorphine, in which such participation is not possible, behaves like morphine, giving 153, as does naloxone, which is oxidised to 154. The loss of aromaticity in ring A is accompanied by a marked diminution in antinociceptive properties in 151–153.²¹⁴

Codeine methyl ether 155 has been oxidised to thebaine 156 by manganese dioxide in 95% yield, using the ionic liquid l-butyl-3-methylimidazolinium tetrafluoroborate to remove excess of the oxide.²¹⁵ Rearrangement of thebaine by methanesulfonic acid in the presence of thiophenol has given the aporphine 157a and, in the presence of thiosalicylic acid, the related acid 157b, together with the ketone 158 and the ketal 159. Hydrolysis of this ketal with acid yielded the thioxanthylium salt 160.²¹⁶

N-Benzyl-7-bromonorneopinone dimethyl ketal 161, on treatment with 2-hydroxyethylamine, has been rearranged to the hasubanan derivative 162a. The N-benzoyloxycarbonyl derivative of this 162b has been hydrolysed to the oxazolidinone 163, the structure of which was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.²¹⁷ 14-Hydroxydihydrocodeinone 164a and its methyl ether 164b suffer fission of the 4,5-oxygen bridge on treatment with toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide to give 6-cyano-14-hydroxydihydrodeoxycodeine C 165a and its methyl ether 165b.²¹⁸

In the 6, 14-endo-ethenotetrahydrothebaine series an improved hydrolysis of the chloronitrile 166 to the ketone 167, by sodium sulfide enneahydrate has been described.²¹⁹ The Diels–Alder adduct 168a has been demethylated by hydrogen bromide successively to 168b and 168c. More prolonged treatment leads to the rearranged products 172 and 173, the structure of 173 being determined by X-ray crystallography and of 172 by NMR spectroscopy. A reaction mechanism proceeding through the intermediates 168c, 169, 170, and 171 to give 172, with final dehydration of the carbinolamine to the imine 173 has been proposed.²²⁰

Details of the N-demethylation of codeine methyl ether through its N-oxide,²²¹ of the preparation of nalbuphine and its derivatives,²²² of diazoles such as 174 and 175,²²³ of pyrroles of general type 176,²²⁴ of indoles of type 177^225–228 and of the 3-carboxamido-3-deoxymorphines 178a–178c and 179²²⁹ have been published. A wide range of 6-sulfonylamino compounds of general structure 181 has been prepared by the reductive amination of naltrexone 180 bound on a solid support of Wang resin, with sulfonylation of the resulting amine before freeing it from the support.²³⁰

Methods of estimating morphine,^231–235 morphine glucuronides,^234,235 codeine^233,236 naltrexone²³⁷ naltrexol²³⁷ and buprenorphine^238–242 have been described.

A chiral synthesis of (–)-dihydrocodeinone has been achieved starting from the (–)-ketone 182, in which the protecting group R is methoxymethyl. Reaction of this with 2,3-dimethoxyphenyllithium afforded the alcohol 183 which was oxidised to the enone 184 and this reacted with vinylmagnesium chloride, copper(I) bromide and trimethylsilyl chloride to give 185. Treatment of 185 with N-bromosuccinimide gave the bromoketone 186, which was cyclised to the benzodihydrofuran 187 as a single diastereoisomer. Protection of the carbonyl group as a cyclic ketal, followed by hydroboration, then afforded the diol 188a, which was converted into the monopivalyl ester 188b. When this was heated with ethylene glycol, benzene and toluenesulfonic acid, with removal of water by azeotropic distillation, it was converted, presumably via intermediates such as 189 and 190, into the olefin 191a. Conversion of this through 191b into 191c, followed by reduction with lithium and ammonia, afforded the cyclic ketal 192, which can be hydrolysed to the ketone (–)-dihydrocodeinone.²⁴³

The analgesic action^244–303 pharmacokinetics^304–306 and metabolism^307,308 of morphine have been studied, as have the effects of the alkaloid on behaviour,^309–330 on respiration,^331–336 on the cardiovascular system,^335–338 on the gastrointestinal tract,^339–341 on immune responses,^342–345 on learning and memory,^346–349 on perception,³⁵⁰ on locomotor activity,^351–355 on the brain,³⁵⁶ on the pituitary³⁵⁷ and thymus^358,359 glands, on neurones,³⁶⁰ on synaptic transmission,^361–363 on hypersensitivity,³⁶⁴ on temperature regulation,^365–367 on cell proliferation,³⁶⁸ on smooth muscle cells,³⁶⁹ on the progress of multiple sclerosis,³⁷⁰ on glucose tolerance,³⁷¹ on retention of urine,³⁷² on pruritus,³⁷³ on neonates,^374–377 on status epilepticus,³⁷⁸ on dystonia,³⁷⁹ on apoptosis,^380,381 on the pathogenesis of Herpes simplex virus,³⁸² on cholinergic activity,³⁸³ and on levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone,³⁸⁴ of calmodulin,³⁸⁵ of cholecystokinin,^386–388 of corticosterone,³⁸⁹ of dynorphin A,³⁹⁰ of enkephalins,³⁹¹ of oestrogens,³⁹² and gonadal hormones,³⁹³ of interleukins,^394–397 of thyroxine,³⁹⁸ of substance P^399,400 and of nitric oxide.^401–404

The morphine antagonist actions of naolone^405–409 have been studied, as have the effects of this ketone on behaviour,^410–416 on the cardiovascular system,^417–420 on heat sugar intake⁴²¹ and glucose levels,⁴²² on the consumption of ethanol,⁴²³ on heat stroke,⁴²⁴ on the secretion of catecholamines⁴²⁵ and serotonin,⁴²⁶ on calcium turnover,^427,428 on glutamate transport,⁴²⁹ on lymphocytes,⁴³⁰ on sensitivity to profolol⁴³¹ and on fentanyl-induced brain damage.⁴³²

Studies have also been reported of the pharmacological properties and physiological effects of morphine 3-glucuronide,^433–436 morphine 6-glucuronide,^434–442 6-O-acetylmorphine,⁴⁴³O,O-diacetylmorphine (heroin),^444–462 codeine,^463–471 dihydromorphinone,^472–477 dihydromorphinone glucuronide,⁴⁷⁸ dihydrocodeinone,⁴⁷⁹ 14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone,^479–482 naloxone benzoylhydrazone,⁴⁸³ naltrexone,^484–491 methylnaltrexone,⁴⁹² nalbuphine,^493–497 naltrindole,⁴⁹⁸ buprenorphine^499–531 and dihydroetorphine.⁵³²

The dibromoquinoline 193 has been reacted with the silyl enol ether 194 and the chiral substituted alanyl chloride 195 to give the (S)-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline 196, with high stereoselectivity. Catalytic reduction of this removed the bromine to give the tetrahydroisoquinoline 197 and further reduction of the carbonyl group yielded 198a, which could be cleaved by reduction with lithium aluminium hydride only in poor yield and with partial racemisation. Reduction of the amide 198b, however, proceeded smoothly to give the phenethyltetrahydroisoquinoline 199a, which was N-methylated to (S)-(+)-O,O-dimethylautumnaline 199b, previously oxidised to the homoaporphine alkaloid (S)-(+)-O-methylkrysigine 200. Cyclisation of the secondary base 199a with formaldehyde yielded the homoberberine 201, which is not a natural product.⁵³³

Colchicine has been isolated from Colchicum autumnale.⁵³⁴

Photochemical oxidation of isocolchicine 202 with singlet oxygen has afforded the endo and exo peroxides 203 and 204 in a 1 : 7 ratio. Treatment of 204 with triethylamine afforded an inseparable mixture of the isomeric hemiketals 205 and 206, which in ethyl acetate were converted by silica gel into the cyclic ether 207.⁵³⁵

The carbene–chromium carbonyl complex 209, formed from 208, has been annulated to the allocolchinoid compound 210.⁵³⁶ Patents for the preparation of derivatives of N-deactylthiocolchicine^537,538 and of colchinol^539,540 have been published.

The pharmacological properties and physiological effects of colchicine have been studied.^541–551

Erysodine, erysotrine, erythrartine and erythristemine have been isolated from Erythrina lysistemon.⁵⁵² 8-Oxo--erythroidine, together with the new alkaloid 8-oxo--erythroidine-1,2--epoxide 211, have been isolated from Erythrina poeppigiana.⁵⁵³

Condensation of methylenedioxyphenylnitromethane with the methyl ester of 6-(acetoxymethyl)hepta-2,5-dienoic acid has given the nitro-ester 212, which was reduced to the amine with simultaneous lactonisation to give 213 Addition of this to phenyl vinyl sulfoxide, followed by Pummerer cyclisation, afforded the tetrahydroisoquinoline 214, Desulfurisation of this and oxidative cleavage of the methylene group yielded the ketone 215, which was reduced with sodium borohydride and O-methylated to give (±)-dihydrocrystamidine 216. This was reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to (±)-dihydroerythramine 217.⁵⁵⁴

A first synthesis of (±)-cocculolidine has been achieved. The imine 218 was coupled with tetronic acid to give the aminolactone 219, the N-t-butoxycarbonyl-O-methanesulfonyl derivative of which with tributylvinyl tin gave the vinyl compound 220. This was cyclised by trifluoroacetic acid to the amine 221, which was oxidised to the ketone 222. The enol ether 223 of this, when treated with benzeneselenenyl chloride yielded the enol ether 225, which was oxidised by osmium tetroxide and hydrogen peroxide to the hydroxyketone 225. The dithioketal of this was catalytically desulfurised and O-methylated to give (±)-cocculolidine 226.⁵⁵⁵

Dyshomoerythrine 227a has been isolated from Lagarostrobos colensoi and demethylated to 227b and 227c. The allylic amine system of the alkaloid is cleaved on catalytic reduction to give 228 and by peracid oxidation to give 229. The methiodide of the alkaloid resists Hofmann degradation under the most usual conditions, but with sodium iodide in acetone at 80 °C it is degraded to the dibenzazecine 230. Dyshomoerythrine and compounds 228–230 show insecticidal activity.⁵⁵⁶

Cephalotoxine and homoharringtonine have been isolated from Cephalotoxus sinensis⁵⁵⁷ and the new polycyclic alkaloid cephalocyclidin A 231 has been isolated from Cephalotoxux harringtonia, its structure and relative and absolute stereochemistry being deduced from spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic data.⁵⁵⁸

The Z-olefinic lactam 232 has been oxidised in the presence of methanol to give the monomethyl ether of a diol, which was cyclised by boron trifluoride to the tetrahydroisoquinoline 233, then dehydrated with rearrangement by thionyl chloride to give 234a. This was converted through 234b and 234c into the keto-ester 234d, which was cyclised to a diastereoisomeric mixture of the keto-ester 235. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of this gave the cis ketone 236 as only a minor product, but when 234a was treated with N-iodosuccinimide and titanium tetrachloride it was converted into the unsaturated keto-ester 237, which on hydrogenolysis and decarboxylation gave the cis ketone 236 in high yield. Since 236 has been converted into (±)-cephalotoxine this process constitutes a formal synthesis of the racemic alkaloid.⁵⁵⁹

A patent for the preparation of esters of cephalotoxine has been published⁵⁶⁰ and the physiological and antitimour effects of harringtonine^561,562 and of homoharringtonine^562–569 have been studied.

Two syntheses of (–)-aphanorphine 243, an alkaloid isolated from the freshwater blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, which contains the elements of a -phenylethylamine, have been achieved. trans-4-Hydroxy-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-proline was converted through 238 into 239, which was cyclised by tributyltin hydride to 240a. This was hydrolysed to the acid 240b, which was decarboxylated easily only through 240c to give 241. Hydrogenolysis of this over Raney nickel afforded O-methylnoraphanorphine 242a, which was N-methylated to 242b and O-demethylated to (–)-aphanorphine 243.⁵⁷⁰

The chiral bicyclic keto-ketal 244a was methylated to 244b, which was condensed with 4-methoxyphenylhydrazine to give directly the carbinolamine 245 as a single product. Reductive diazotisation of this with sodium nitrite and hypophosphorous acid yielded a ketone, which was reduced in stages to 246a. This was converted through 246b and 246c into the iodide 246d, which was cleaved by zinc and acetic acid to the hemiacetal 247, then oxidised to the lactone 248a. Oxidation of the vinyl group and cleavage of the resulting diol gave the aldehyde 248b, which was reduced by zinc and acetic acid to 249. Cyclisation of this afforded the dihydronaphthalene 250a, which was converted through 250b into 250c, an intermediate in a prior synthesis of (–)-aphanorphine 243.⁵⁷¹

(±)-Aphanorphine has also been synthesised by a process similar to that used in the synthesis of (±)-lennoxamine described in section 11. Cyclisation of the enamide 251 gave the benzazepine 252a as a single trans isomer, which was reduced to the alcohol 252b. The methanesulfonyl ester of this was cyclised by potassium tert-butoxide to the lactam 253, which was reduced to O-methylaphanorphine and demethylated to (±)-aphanorphine.¹⁵⁰

A first synthesis of (±)-jamtine has been achieved. Cyclisation of 254 with camphorsulfonic acid afforded 255, which was further cyclised through deprotonation with sodium hydride to give 256. Oxidation of this to the sulfoxide, followed by elimination yielded the unsaturated lactam 257, which was converted into the thiolactam and desulfurised to (±)-jamtine 258.⁵⁷²

A total synthesis of (–)-tetrazomine, an antitumour agent closely related to quinocarcin and isolated from Saccharothrix mutabilis, has been accomplished. The tertiary amine 259 was converted into the imine by N-bromosuccinimide and when this was deprotonated the resulting ylid added to tert-butyl acrylate and the product was catalytically reduced to 260. This was reduced by lithium aluminium hydride, the product was trapped with potassium cyanide and the resulting aminonitrile converted into the triisopropylsilyl ether 261, which was acylated to the amide 262. Removal of the protecting groups gave the triol, treatment of which with silver trifluoroacetate effected the final cyclisation to give (–)-tetrazomine 263.^573,574 Tetrazomine has substantial structural elements in common with the ecteinascidins and saframycins, approaches to the synthesis of which have also been studied.^575–580

1-Aminoethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinoline 264 has been oxidised by oxygen in alkaline solution and by potassium persulfate to O,O-demethylaaptamine 265 and O-demethyloxyaaptamine 266.⁵⁸¹

References

1		H. M. D. Navickiene and L. M. X. Lopes, J. Bras. Chem. Soc., 2001, 12, 467.
2		Y.-C. Chang, C.-Y. Chen, F.-R. Chang and Y.-C. Wu, J. Chin. Chem. Soc. (Taipei), 2001, 48, 811 [Links].
3		D. Batsuren, S. Tsetsegmaa, N. Batbayar, D. Dungerdorzh, V. I. Akhmedzhanova, Yu. M. Mil'grom, Ya. V. Tashkes and A. A. Ibragimov, Khim. Prir. Soedin., 1992, 388 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 213585) [Links].
4		K. Kojima, S. Purevsuren, S. Narantuya, S. Tsetsegmaa, Ya. Jamyansan, K. Isaka and Y. Ogihara, Sci. Pharm., 2001, 69, 383.
5		M. Tripathi, M. B. Pandey, V. B. Pandey, P. N. Tripathi and J. P. Singh, Fitoterapia, 2001, 72, 507 [Links].
6		T. Temal-Laib, J. Chastanet and J. Zhu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 583 [Links].
7		N. J. Lawrence and S. M. Bushell, Tetrahedron Lett., 2001, 42, 7671 [Links].
8		T.-Q. Sun and H.-C. Shi, Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi, 2000, 31, 534.
9		M. L. Testa, C. Hajji, E. Zaballos-Garcia, A. Belen Garcia-Segovia and J. Sepulveda-Arques, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 2001, 12, 1369 [Links].
10		X. Xu, Y. Zheng, S. Wen and S. Zeng, Zhongguo Zongyao Zazhi, 2001, 26, 119.
11		Y. Zheng, K. Ma, X. Xu, D. Song and Y. Tu, Jingxi Huagong, 2001, 18, 314.
12		J. Li, X. Feng and Y. Yuan, Zhongcaoyao, 2001, 32, 108.
13		Y. Yuan, J. Li and Z. Mao, Faming Zhuanli Shenging Gongkai Shuomingshu, CN 1283611 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 257381).
14		H.-X. Li, M.-Y. Ding, K. Lv and J.-Y. Yu, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2001, 39, 370 [Links].
15		Y. Ji, Y. Chen and R. Wu, Zhongguo Yaoke Daoxue Xuebao, 2001, 32, 213.
16		J. Macek, P. Ptacek and J. Klima, J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 766, 289.
17		H. Yang, X. Chen, H. Xu, Y. Hou and D. Zhong, Shenyang Yaoke Daxue Xuebao Bianjibu, 2001, 18, 116.
18		O. Nurkenov, A. M. Gazaliev, A. Bukeeva, G. G. Baikenova and M. Zh. Zhurinov, Russ. J. Gen. Chem., 2001, 71, 152 [Links].
19		B.-L. Gong, X.-Q. Li, F.-L. Wang and H. Li, Ningxia Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 2001, 22, 314.
20		E. Anakabe, J. L. Vicario, D. Badia, L. Carillo and V. Yoldi, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2001, 4343 [Links].
21		G. Wu and W. Lin, Zhongguo Yaowu Huaxue Zazhi, 2001, 11, 236.
22		S. Jain, D. Pradhan and A. Upadhyay, Indian J. Chem. Sect. B, 2001, 40B, 1255 [Links].
23		R. Bhushan, J. Martens and M. Arora, Biomed. Chromatogr., 2001, 15, 151 [Links].
24		E. J. Valente, T. N. Smith and M. E. Harris, Chirality, 2001, 13, 244 [Links].
25		W. D. N. Kee, T. K. Lau, K. S. Khaw and B. B. Lee, Anesthesiology, 2001, 95, 307.
26		W. Rudiger, Ger. Offen., DE 10011541 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 326466).
27		B. T. Ayorinde, P. Buczkowski, J. Brown, J. Shah and D. J. Buggy, Brit. J. Anaesthesia, 2001, 86, 372.
28		G. Dai, P. Zheng and H. Li, Huaxi Yaoxue Zazhi, 2001, 16, 38.
29		P. Szmuk, T. Ezri, J. E. Chelly and J. Katz, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2000, 91, 833.
30		D. Molnar, K. Torok, E. Erhardt and S. Jeges, Int. J. Obesity, 2001, 24, 1573.
31		A. Lee, W. D. N. Kee and T. Gin, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 94, 920.
32		C. H. Tan, M. K. Onisong and W. K. Y. Chiu, Anaesthesia, 2002, 57, 223 [Links].
33		D. G. Bell, I. Jacobs and K. Ellerington, Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 2001, 33, 1399.
34		L. Ducross, P. Bonin, B. P. Cholley, E. Vicaut, M. Benayed, D. Jacob and D. Payen, Anesthesiology, 2002, 96, 612.
35		J. P. R. Loughrey, F. Walsh and J. Gardiner, Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 2002, 19, 63 [Links].
36		J. F. Bowyer, K. J. Hopkins, R. Jakab and S. A. Ferguson, Toxicol. Lett., 2001, 125, 151 [Links].
37		F. J. Mercier, E. T. Riley, W. L. Frederickson, S. Roger-Chrisophe, D. D. Benhamou and S. E. Cohen, Anesthesiology, 2001, 95, 668.
38		P. E. Hendershot, E. J. Antal, I. R. Welshman, D. H. Batts and N. K. Hopkins, J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2001, 41, 563.
39		C.-Y. Chen, F.-R. Chang, W.-B. Pan and Y.-C. Wu, Phytochemistry, 2001, 56, 753 [Links].
40		M. Chrzanowska and J. Sokolowska, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 2001, 12, 1435 [Links].
41		C. Gremmen, M. J. Wanner and G.-J. Koomen, Tetrahedron Lett., 2001, 42, 8885 [Links].
42		M. D. Rozwadowska and A. Sulima, Pol. J. Chem., 2001, 75, 1847 [Links].
43		S. Ruchirawat, S. Tontoolarug and P. Sahakitpichan, Heterocycles, 2001, 55, 635 [Links].
44		E. Dachary, G. Estenne-Bouhtou, P. George, G. Gillet, P. Granger, B. Marabout and M. Servin, PCT Int. Appl., W0 01 70739 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 273108).
45		G. Bringmann, J. Muelbacher, C. Repges and J. Fleischhauer, J. Comput. Chem., 2001, 22, 1273 [Links].
46		C. J. Bungard and J. C. Morris, Org. Lett., 2002, 4, 63 [Links].
47		T.-J. Hsieh, F.-R. Chang, Y.-C. Chia, C.-Y. Chen, H.-C. Lin, H.-F. Chiu and Y.-C. Wu, J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64, 1157 [Links].
48		Y. Luo, B. Li and G. Zhang, Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa, 2000, 12, 1.
49		A. R. Carroll, R. A. Davis, P. I. Foster, G. P. Guymer and R. J. Quinn, J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64, 1572 [Links].
50		F.-R. Chang, T.-J. Hsieh, T.-L. Huang, C.-Y. Chen, R.-Y. Kuo, Y.-C. Chang, H. F. Chiu and Y.-C. Wu, J. Nat. Prod., 2002, 65, 255 [Links].
51		N. C. Franca, A. M. Giesbrecht, O. R. Gottlieb, A. F. Malaghaes, E. G. Malagheis and J. S. G. Maia, Phytochemistry, 1975, 14, 1671 [Links].
52		A. J. Marsaioli, E. A. Ruveda and F. de A.M. Reis, Phytochemistry, 1978, 17, 1655 [Links].
53		T. A. Al-Howiriny, M. A. Zemaitis, C. Gao, C. E. Hadden, G. E. Martin, F. Lin and P. L. Schiff, J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64, 823 [Links].
54		V. A. Mnatsakanyan, Khim. Zh. Arm., 2001, 54, 93.
55		Z. Soyer, M. Baysal and P. Ozic, J. Fac. Pharm. Gazi Univ., 2001, 18, 11.
56		M. Diaz, E. Guitian and L. Castedo, Synlett, 2001, 1164 [Links].
57		S. Pinet, P. Y. Chavant, M.-T. Averbuch-Pouchot and Y. Vallée, J. Chem. Res., 2001, 65.
58		T. Dalbasti, M. Karabiyikoglu, N. Odzamar, N. Oktar and S. Cagli, J. Neurosurgery, 2001, 95, 44.
59		K. Shimizu, E. Yoshihara, M. Takahashi, K. Goto, S. Orita, N. Urakawa and S. Nakajyo, J. Smooth Muscle Res., 2000, 36, 83.
60		P. Vajkoczy, P. Horn, C. Bauhuf, E. Munch, U. Huber, C. Thome, C. Poeckler-Schoeninger, H. Roth and P. Schmiedek, Stroke, 2001, 32, 498.
61		Q. Fu, D.-H. Yao and Y.-Q.- Jiang, Asian J. Androl., 2000, 2, 301.
62		R. Hines and E. L. Bonner, U. S. Pat., US 2001 003120 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 14358).
63		H. Minami, K. Kuwamura and N. Tamaki, Kobe J. Med. Sci., 2001, 47, 169.
64		A. K. Bhattacharjee, T. Kondoh, T. Nagashima, M. Ikeda, K. Ehara and N. Tamaki, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 289, 548 [Links].
65		S. S. Lee, J. J. Lee, M. J. Cheong, Y. H. Kim, Y. Kim, Y. P. Yeo, C. K. Lee and M. K. Lee, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2001, 24, 838.
66		L. Bergeron, D. R. Bevan, A. Berrill, R. Kahwaji and V. F. Raymond, Anesthesiology, 2001, 95, 314.
67		C. Farenc, J.-Y. Lefrant, M. Audran and F. Bressolle, J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2001, 41, 44.
68		B. Mayer, H. Fink, R. Bogdanski, J. Stadler and M. Blobner, Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 2001, 18, 599 [Links].
69		A. Amman, J. Rieder, M. Fleischer, P. Niedermuller, G. Hoffmann, A. Amberfer, C. Marth, V. Nigrovic and F. Puhringer, Anesth. Analg., (Baltimore), 2001, 93, 690.
70		W. A. Adams, K. J. Robinson, J. M. Senior and R. S. Jones, Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 2001, 28, 156 [Links].
71		R. V. Miguel, R. Soto and P. Dyches, J. Clin. Anaesth., 2001, 13, 325.
72		D. Demazumder and J. P. Dilger, Mol. Pharmacol., 2001, 60, 797.
73		B. Chow, M. I. Bowden, E. Ho, B. C. Wetherley and J. F. Bion, Br. J. Anaesth., 2000, 85, 850.
74		T. Seal, A. Patra, G. Mukhopadhayay and B. Mukherjee, Nat. Prod. Sci., 2001, 7, 83.
75		J.-J. Chen, Y.-L. Chang, C. M. Teng and I. S. Chen, Planta Med., 2001, 67, 593 [Links].
76		J. Yang, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhou, F. Su and F. Wang, Huaxi Yaoxue Zazhi, 2001, 16, 161.
77		K. O. Lara, C. Godoy-Alcantar, I. L. Rivera, A. V. Eliseev and A. K. Yatsimirsky, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 2001, 14, 453 [Links].
78		Y. Zhao, B. Li, G. Qiao, H. Zhou and W. Li, Zhongguo Yaolixue Tonqbao, 2000, 16, 450.
79		J. Zhang, N. Xu, C. Xu, J. Chen, H. Liu and J. Duan, Xibao Shengwuxe Zazhi, 2001, 23, 218.
80		J. Wu, H. Suzuki, Y.-W. Zhou, W. Liu, M. Yoshiara, M. Kato, A. A. Akhand, A. Hayakawa, K. Takeuchi, K. Hossain, M. Kurosawa and I. Nakashima, J. Cellular Biochem., 2001, 82, 200 [Links].
81		M. Okamoto, M. Ono and M. Baba, Biochem. Pharmacol., 2001, 62, 747 [Links].
82		Z. Ye, J. Wang, A. Sun, A. Liang, B. Xue, C. Li and L. Wang, Yaoxue Xuebao, 2001, 36, 96.
83		S. Chen, L. Liu, Y. Yang, Z. Dai and F. Zeng, J. Tongji Med. Univ., 2000, 20, 253.
84		S. Chen, Y. Yang, Y. Liu, B. Zhang, X. Pang and F. Zeng, Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao, 2001, 17, 225.
85		Y.-H. Zhang and L.-H. Fang, Life Sci., 2001, 69, 1429 [Links].
86		X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Liu and W. Wang, Tongji Yike Daxue Xuebao, 2001, 30, 53.
87		J. Ai, H.-H. Gao, S.-Z. He, L. Wang, D.-L. Luo and B.-F. Yang, Acta Pharm. Sin., 2001, 22, 512.
88		J. Wang, Z. Ye, A. Sun, C. Li, B. Xue, A. Liang and L. Wang, Zhongguo Zuzhi Huaxue Yu Xibao Huaxue Zazhi, 2000, 9, 436.
89		J. Zhang, X. Yang, T. Zhang, Y. Qin, K. Ji, G. Zhang and S. Chen, Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao, 2000, 16, 712.
90		H. Wang, S. Luo and H. Cai, Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi, 2000, 35, 800.
91		Z. Wang, D. Li and H. Lu, Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao, 2000, 16, 488.
92		D. Liu, G. Li, D. Liu and Y. Cao, Zhonghua Shaoshang Zazhi, 2001, 17, 222.
93		Q. Li, Z. Lu and M. Rao, Yaoxue Xuebao, 2001, 36, 481.
94		J. Chen, R. Yin, Z. Wu, G. Huang, J. Zhong X. Gong and G. Zhang, Dier Junyi Daxue Xuebao Bianjibu, 2001, 22, 118.
95		F. Li, B. Lu, W. Chen and R. Chao, Zhongguo Yiyuan Yaoxue Zazhi Bianjibu, 2001, 21, 259.
96		Q. Li, Z. Lu and M. Rao, Zhongguo Yaolixue Yu Dulixue Zazhi, 2001, 15, 145.
97		Z. Lu, Q. Li, M. Rao, X. Yu and S. Lin, Zhongguo Yaolixue Yu Dulixue Zazhi, 2001, 15, 121.
98		W. Chen, H. Yan and X. Mo, Huaxi Yike Daxue Xuebao, 2001, 32, 12.
99		S.-J. Liu, S.-W. Zhou and C.-S. Xue, Acta Pharm. Sin., 2001, 22, 971.
100		S. H. Lee, J.-X. Nan and D. H. Sohn, Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenhagen), 2001, 89, 214.
101		Y.-C. Shen, C.-J. Chou, W.-F. Chiou and C.-F. Chen, Mol. Pharmacol., 2001, 60, 1083.
102		I. Wenningmann and J. P. Dilger, Mol. Pharmacol., 2001, 60, 790.
103		T.-S. Wu and F.-W. Lin, J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64, 1404 [Links].
104		F.-W. Lin, P.-L. Wu and T.-S. Wu, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2001, 49, 1292 [Links].
105		S. Hanessian and M. Mauduit, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 3810 [Links].
106		S. Z. Choi, H. C. Kwon, J. H. Yi, W. B. Lee, S. U. Choi and K. R. Lee, Saengyak Hakhoechi, 2001, 32, 10.
107		K. Kim, T. N. Jhong, Y. K. Paik, J. S. Park, E. D. Kim, Y. S. Lee and S. U. Kim, U. S. Pat., US 6255317 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 77010).
108		E. M. K. Wijeratne, B. D. Lankananda, Y. Tezuka, T. Nagaoka and A. A. L. Gunatilaka, J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64, 1465 [Links].
109		H. Shimoda, N. Nishida, K. Ninomiya, H. Matsuda and M. Yoshikawa, Heterocycles, 2001, 55, 2043 [Links].
110		T. A. Al-Howiriny, M. A. Zemaitis, C.-Y. Gao, C. E. Hadden, G. E. Martin, F.-T. Lin and P. L. Schiff, J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64, 819 [Links].
111		L. M. X. Lopes and E. Humpfer, Phytochemistry, 1997, 45, 431 [Links].
112		S. S. Lee, W. M. Wu, J. H. Wilton, J. S. Beal and R. W. Doskotch, J. Nat. Prod., 1999, 62, 1410 [Links].
113		C. W. Lin, J. U. Su, L. M. Zeng, W. L. Peng and A. N. Xu, Goadeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, 2000, 21, 1820.
114		M. L. Carvalhas, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1972, 327 [Links].
115		M. M. Yusupov, A. Karimov, M. G. Levkovich, N. D. Abdullaev and R. Shakirov, Khim. Prir. Soedin., 1993, 53–264 [Links].
116		V. Fajardo, C. Carcano and B. Moreno, Heterocycles, 1996, 43, 949 [Links].
117		C. Lin, W. Peng, Q. Chen, J. Su and A. Xu, Faming Zhuanli Shenging Gonkai Shuomingshu, CN 1285354 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 341646).
118		S. Man, M. Potacek, M. Necas, A. Zak and J. Dostal, Molecules, 2001, 6, 433.
119		B. Das and K. V. N. S. Srinivas, Synth. Commun., 2001, 31, 1815 [Links].
120		S. Man, J. Dostal. M. Necas, Z. Zak and M. Potacek, Heterocycl. Commun., 2001, 7, 243.
121		F. A. Davis and P. K. Mohanty, J. Org. Chem., 2002, 67, 1290 [Links].
122		V. I. Vinogradova and M. S. Yunusov, Khim. Prir. Soedin., 2001, 449.
123		S. Chen. W. Lin, J. Zang, J. Liu, S. Qi, L. Zhang and G. Song, Faming Zhuanli Shenging Gonkai Shuomingshu, CN 1312250 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 401910).
124		J. H. Kim, T. N. Jhong, Y. K. Paik, J. S. Park, E. D. Kim, Y. S. Lee and S. U. Kim, U. S. Pat., US 6239139 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 5729.
125		S. H. Kim, J. J. Lee, G. S. Huh and Y. J. Paek, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, JP 2001 270835 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 251945).
126		D. Nikolova, E. Marinova, I. Altunkova, E. Bichkidjieva and B. Alexieva, Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk., 2000, 53, 105.
127		K. V. Anis, N. V. Rajeshkumar and R. Kuttan, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2001, 53, 763.
128		D.-Z. Dai, Y. He, F.-H. Huang, Y. Zhu and H. H. Khan, Zhongguo Yaoke Daxue Xuebao, 2000, 31, 447.
129		N. Mitani, K. Murakami, T. Yamaura, T. Ikeda and I. Saiki, Cancer Lett. (Shannon), 2001, 165, 35.
130		S. N. Upadhyay, D. N. K. Sarma, N. Wali, N. K. Saraswathi and S. Dhawan, U. S. Pat., US 6245781 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 14325).
131		J.-F. Pan, C. Yu, D.-Y. Zhu, H. Zhang, J.-F. Zeng, S.-H. Jiang and J.-Y. Ren, Acta Pharm. Sin., 2002, 23, 77.
132		I. E. Talut, N. A. Alekseev and A. I. Zhebentyaev, Farmatsiya (Moscow), 2002, 50, 23.
133		C. Yu, H. Zhang, J.-F. Pan, Y.-C. Hong, J.-Y. Ren, D.-Y. Zhu and X.-R. Xu, Zhongguo Linchuang Yaolixue Zazhi, 2000, 16, 36.
134		A. Xu, Y. Liu, L. Ge and Q. Wang, Shiyong Kougiang Yixue Zazhi Bianjibu, 2001, 17, 127.
135		N. Tan, G. Chen, S. Guo, Y. Li and W. Chen, Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao, 2001, 17, 40.
136		D. Kostalova, M. Bukovsky, H. Koscova and A. Kardosova, Ceska Slov. Farm., 2001, 50, 286.
137		N. Feng, Z. Zhang, D. An, X. Han, W. Huang and G. Wang, Yaoxue Xuebao, 2001, 36, 137.
138		M. L. Colombo, C. Bugatti, A. Mossa, N. Pescali, L. Piazzoni, G. Pezzoni, E. Menta, S. Spinelli, F. Johnson, R. C. Gupta and L. Dasaradhi, Farmaco, 2001, 56, 403 [Links].
139		X. Ge, A. Lin, Y. Sun, H. Zhou, H. Zhang and C. Bian, Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao, 2001, 17, 264.
140		L. Wang and M. Wang, Zhongcaoyao, 2001, 32, 46.
141		G.-Z. Jin, Z.-T. Zhu and Y. Fu, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2002, 23, 4 [Links].
142		B.-G. Li, M. Zhou and G.-L. Zhang, Indian J. Chem., Sect. B, 2001, 40B, 1215 [Links].
143		L. Kintsurashvili, M. Mujiri and V. Vachnadse, Isv. Akad. Nauk Gruzii, Ser. Khim., 2001, 27, 188.
144		S. Alpan, P. Ozic and M. Baysal, J. Fac. Pharm. Gazi Univ., 2001, 18, 21.
145		K. Rejdak, R. Rejdak, S. J. Czuczwar, Z. Kleinrok and M. Sieklucka-Dziuba, J. Neural Transm., 2000, 107, 1263 [Links].
146		Z. Zhang, M. P. Hefferan and C. W. Loomis, Pain, 2001, 93, 351 [Links].
147		C. J. Schindler, R. Slamberova and I. Vathy, Brain Res., 2001, 922, 305 [Links].
148		A. Demuro, E. Palma, F. Eusebi and R. Miledi, Neuropharmacology, 2001, 41, 854 [Links].
149		M. J. Kenney, M. L. Weiss, K. P. Patel, Y. Wan and R. J. Fels, Am. J. Physiol., 2001, 281, H1233.
150		J. R. Fuchs and R. L. Funk, Org. Lett., 2001, 3, 3923 [Links].
151		A. P. K. Nissanka, V. Karunaratne, B. M. R. Bandara, V. Kumar, T. Nakanishi, M. Nishi, A. Inada, L. V. M. Tillekeratne, D. S. A. Wijesundara and A. A. L. Gunatilaka, Phytochemistry, 2001, 56, 857 [Links].
152		Q. Zeng, C. Zhang, Y. Xiang and T. Zu, Zhongcaoyao, 2001, 32, 399.
153		T. Harayama, Y. Nakano, K. Shibaike, H. Akamatsu, A. Hiro, H. Abe and Y. Takeuchi, Synthesis, 2002, 237 [Links].
154		H. Cho, J. B. Youm, Y. E. Earm and W.-K. Ho, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 424, 173 [Links].
155		H. Wang and M. Endoh, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 424, 91 [Links].
156		X. Siomboing, B. Gressie, T. Dine, C. Brunet, M. Luyckx, M. Cazin and J.-C. Cazin, Farmaco, 2001, 56, 859 [Links].
157		S. S. Lee, M. Kai and M. K. Lee, Phytother. Res., 2001, 15, 167 [Links].
158		P. Weerasinghe, S. Hallock and A. Liepins, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 2001, 71, 89 [Links].
159		A. Itoh, Y. Baba, T. Tanahashi and N. Nagakura, Phytochemistry, 2001, 59, 91 [Links].
160		H. S. Gunes and B. Gozler, Fitoterapia, 2001, 72, 875 [Links].
161		M. R. Asaruddin, F. Kiuchi and G. Hondo, Nat. Med. (Tokyo), 2001, 55, 149.
162		V. R. Navarro, I. M. F. Sette, E. V. L. Da-Cunha, M. S. Silva, J. M. Barbosa-Filho and J. G. S. Maia, Rev. Bras. Plant. Med., 2001, 3, 23.
163		M.-J. Su and S.-S. Lee, U. S. Pat., US 6313134 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 344631).
164		E. Sobarzo-Sanchez, B. K. Cassels, C. Saitz-Baria and C. Jullian, Magn. Reson. Chem., 2001, 39, 361 [Links].
165		H. Wikstroem, D. Dijkstra, T. Kremers, P. E. Andren, S. Marchais and U. Jurva, PCT Int. Appl., WO 02 14279 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 200329).
166		T. Linnanen, M. Brisander, U. Hacksell and A. M. Johansson, J. Med. Chem., 2001, 44, 1337 [Links].
167		N. M. Canal, R. Gorevitch and S. G. Raphael, Psychopharmacol. (Berlin), 2001, 156, 169 [Links].
168		E. Dula, S. Bukofzer, R. Perdok and G. Michael, Eur. Urol., 2001, 39, 558 [Links].
169		G. B. Varty, N. Walters, M. Cohen-Williams and G. J. Carey, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 424, 27 [Links].
170		R. Lecy, J. O. Dostrovsky, A. E. Lang, E. Sime, W. D. Hutchison and A. M. Lozano, J. Neurophysiol., 2001, 86, 249.
171		R. Rudissaar, K. Pruus, A. Vaarmann, P. Pannel, T. Skrebuhhova-Malros, L. Allikmets and V. Matto, Pharmacol. Res., 2001, 43, 349 [Links].
172		P. K. Gupta, J. D. Bollinger, Y. Chen, J. Y. Zheng, T. L. Reiland and D. Y. Lee, PCT Int. Appl., WO 01 74358 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 267280).
173		M. Scarselli, M. Armogida, C. Pardini, S. Ciacchio, S. Corsini and U. Giovanni, Adv. Neurol., 2001, 86, 367.
174		J. P. W. Heaton, World J. Urol., 2001, 19, 25.
175		M. Sharifzadeh, E. Khajvand-Firooz and M. Abdollahi, Daru, J. Fac. Pharm., Tehran Univ. Med. Sci., 2000, 8, 1.
176		V. Matto and L. Allikmets, Baltic J. Lab. Anim. Sci., 2000, 10, 175.
177		F. Fornai, G. Battaglia, M. Gesi, F. Orzi, F. Nicoletti and S. Ruggieri, Brain Res., 2001, 898, 27 [Links].
178		R. Rudissaar, K. Pruus, T. Skrebuhhova-Malmros, L. Allikmets and V. Maatto, Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 22, 637.
179		M.-P. Austin, P. Mitchell, D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, I. Hickie, G. Parker, J. Chan and K. Eyers, Psychiatry Res., 2000, 07, 207 [Links].
180		M. B. H. Youdim, M. Gassen, A. Gross, S. Mandel and E. Grunblatt, Adv. Res. Neurodegeneration 7th. Int. Conf., 2000, 83 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 86375).
181		Y.-K. Chen, H.-C. Lin, J.-C. Liu and F.-J. Wan, Brain Res., 2001, 896, 165 [Links].
182		E. Grunblatt, S. Mandel, G. Maor and M. B. H. Youdim, J. Neurochem., 2001, 77, 146 [Links].
183		A. E. Pollack and E. C. Haisley, Brain Res., 2001, 897, 213 [Links].
184		S. Tao, W. Chen and L. Chen, Qingdao Daxue Yixueyuan Xuebao, 2000, 36, 117.
185		M. Arteaga, J. Motte-Lara and J. Velazquez-Moctezuma, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2002, 12, 39 [Links].
186		A. Chiarenza, M. Scarselli, F. Novi, L. Lemereur, R. Bernardini, G. U. Corsini and R. Maggio, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 433, 47 [Links].
187		J. P. Mulhall, Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2002, 11, 295.
188		T. Skrebuhhova, L. Allikmets and V. Matto, Archiv. Med. Res., 2001, 32, 193.
189		H. Nakayama, T. Nakayama, C. A. Carnes, S. M. Strauch and R. L. Hamlin, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2001, 177, 157 [Links].
190		A. R. Cools, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 158, 222 [Links].
191		R. K. Filipkowski, M. Rydz and L. Kaczmarek, Neuroscience (Oxford), 2001, 106, 679.
192		M. W. Hale and S. E. Crowe, Behav. Neurosci., 2001, 115, 376 [Links].
193		J. P. W. Heaton and J. E. Altwein, BJU International, 2001, 88(suppl. 3), 36.
194		J. Buvat and F. Monorisi, BJU International, 2001, 88(suppl. 3), 30.
195		V. G. Mirone and C. G. Stief, BJU International, 2001, 88(suppl. 3), 25.
196		O. Rampin, BJU International, 2001, 88(suppl. 3), 22.
197		A. Argiolas and H. Hedlund, BJU International, 2001, 88(suppl. 3), 18.
198		R. D. S. El-Bacha, J. L. Daval and A. Minn, Biogenic Amines, 2001, 16, 463.
199		C.-G. Jang, S.-Y. Lee, Y. Park, T. Ma, H. H. Loh and I. K. Ho, Mol. Brain Res., 2001, 94, 197 [Links].
200		J. P. Mulhall, S. Bokofzer, A. L. Edmonds and G. Michael, Clin. Therapeutics, 2001, 23, 1260.
201		G. R. Sigurdardottir, C. Nilsson, P. Odin and M. Grabowski, Acta Neurol. Scand., 2001, 104, 92 [Links].
202		A. Jossang, M. Leboeuf and A. Cavé, Tetrahedron Lett., 1982, 23, 5147 [Links].
203		A. Jossang, M. Leboeuf, A. Cavé, T. Sevenet and K. Padmawinata, J. Nat. Prod., 1984, 47, 504 [Links].
204		S. S. Lee, C. K. Chen, I. S. Chen and C. H. Chen, J. Nat. Prod., 1996, 59, 55 [Links].
205		S. S. Lee, C. K. Chen and C. H. Chen, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 6561 [Links].
206		C.-C. Shen, R.-L. Huang, H.-F. Lin, R.-Y. Liao and C.-C. Chen, Chin. Pharm. J. (Taipei), 2000, 52, 353.
207		C. Hoarau, A. Couture, E. Deniau and P. Grandclaudon, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2001, 2559 [Links].
208		Z. Gu, N. Liu, Y. Xu, H. Liang, H. Chen and W. Zhang, Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi (Beijing), 2001, 36, 376.
209		C. Hoarau, A. Couture, H. Cornet, E. Deniau and P. Grandclaudon, J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 8064 [Links].
210		B.-W. Yu, L.-H. Meng, J.-Y. Chen, T.-X. Zhou, K.-F. Cheng, J. Ding and G.-W. Qin, J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64, 968 [Links].
211		Y. Sugimoto, H. A. A. Babiker, T. Saisho, T. Furumoto, S. Inanaga and M. Kato, J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 3299 [Links].
212		S. Shukla and S. P. Singh, Phyton (Horn, Austria), 2001, 41, 87.
213		X. Wang, P. Wen and L. Feng, Zhongcaoyao, 2001, 32, 702.
214		S. Garadnay, P. Herczegh, S. Makleit, T. Friedmann, O. Riba and S. Fürst, Curr. Med. Chem., 2001, 8, 621.
215		R. D. Singer and P. J. Scammells, Tetrahedron Lett., 2001, 42, 6831 [Links].
216		S. Berényi, M. Tóth, S. Gyulai and S. Szilágyi, Heterocycles, 2002, 57, 135 [Links].
217		W. Fleischhacker, B. Richter and T. H. Brehmer, ARKIVOC, 2001, 2, 1136 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 134936).
218		E. Greiner, H. Schottenberger, K. Wurst and H. Schmidhammer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 3840 [Links].
219		D. Y. Maeda and A. Coop, Heterocycles, 2001, 55, 1147 [Links].
220		Y. Zeng, J. Yang, Z. Qiu, J. Cheng, C. Hu and P. Zhen, Tetrahedron Lett., 2001, 43, 869 [Links].
221		P. Scammells, N. Gathergood and J. Ripper, PCT Int. Appl., WO 02 16367 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 200331).
222		O. Y. Hu and C.-H. Hsiung, Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho, JP 2001 302668 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 331573).
223		W. Dunn, L. Bauer and H. N. Bhargava, PCT. Int. Appl., WO 01 46198 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 61469).
224		G. Dondio, S. Gagliardi, D. Graziani and L. F. Raveglia, PCT Int. Appl., WO 02 30935 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 310065).
225		H. Yu, T. Prisinzano, C. M. Dersch, J. Marcus, R. B. Rothman, A. E. Jacobson and K. E. Rice, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2002, 12, 165 [Links].
226		T. Ullrich, C. M. Dersch, R. B. Rothman, A. E. Jacobson and K. C. Rice, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2001, 11, 2883 [Links].
227		D. L. Meyer and S. Kasina, U. S. Pat., US 6359111 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 263292).
228		J. Clayson, A. Jales, R. J. Tyacke, A. L. Hudson, D. J. Nutt, J. W. Lewis and S. M. Husbands, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2001, 11, 939 [Links].
229		M. P. Wentland, R. Lou, C. M. Dehnhardt, W. Duan, D. J. Cohen and J. M. Bidlack, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2001, 11, 1717 [Links].
230		H. Ohno, K. Kawamura, A. Otake, H. Nagase, H. Tanaka and T. Takahashi, Synlett, 2001, 93.
231		A. B. Wey and W. Thormann, J. Chromatogr. A, 2001, 916, 225 [Links].
232		H. J. Leis, W. Windischhofer and G. Fauler, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2002, 16, 646 [Links].
233		E. Janowska and W. Piekoszewski, Chemia Analityczna (Warsaw), 2001, 46, 857.
234		K. Ary and K. Rona, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2001, 26, 179 [Links].
235		W. Z. Shou, M. Pelzer, T. Addison, X. Jiang and N. Weng, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2002, 27, 143 [Links].
236		Y.-F. Cheng, U. D. Neue, R. Bonin, E. Block and L. Bean, J. Liquid Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 2001, 24, 1353.
237		C. F. Chan, G. M. Chiswell, R. Bencini, L. P. Hackett, L. J. Dusci and K. F. Ilett, J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 761, 85 [Links].
238		S. Gopal, T.-B. Tzeng and A. Cowan, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2001, 51, 147 [Links].
239		A. Polettini and M. A. Huestis, J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 754, 447 [Links].
240		F. Saldi, S. Schneider, C. Marson, R. Wennig and H. N. Migeon, Proc. Int. Conf. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrom., 2000, 893 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 106).
241		O. O. Mamina and V. V. Bolotov, Farmatsevtichnii Zhurnal (Kiev), 2001, 90.
242		J. Szigan, M. Bottcher, J. Sawazki and P. Gerhards, GIT Labor-Fachzeitschr., 2001, 45, 1168.
243		H. Nagata, N. Miyazawa and K. Ogasawara, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1094 [Links].
244		Y. Lin, P. Fang, S. Ding, Z. Chen, X. Zhou, M. Hu, B. Wang, M. Zhang and S. Wang, Zhonghua Heyixue Zazhi, 2001, 21, 153.
245		M.-R. Zarrindast, K. Alaei-Nia and M. Shafizadeh, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 69, 535 [Links].
246		S. S. Rueben, P. Vieira, S. Faruqi, A. Verghis, P. A. Kilaru and H. Maciolek, Anesthesiology, 2001, 95, 390.
247		A. A. Weinbroum, G. Lavlayev, T. Yashar, R. Ben-Abraham, D. Niv and R. Flaishon, Anaesthesia, 2001, 56, 616 [Links].
248		E. Kozela, W. Danysz and P. Popik, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 423, 17 [Links].
249		M. Reeves, D. E. Lindholm, P. S. Myles, H. Fletcher and J. O. Hunt, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 93, 116.
250		B. M. McMahon, J. A. Stewart, J. Jackson, A. Fauq, D. J. McCormick and E. Richelson, Brain Res., 2001, 904, 345 [Links].
251		M. Barnett, Postgrad. Med. J., 2001, 77, 371 [Links].
252		S. Mercadante, A. Casuccio, F. Fulfar, L. Groff, R. Boffi, P. Villari, V. Gebbia and C. Ripamonti, J. Clin. Oncology, 2001, 19, 2898.
253		U. R. Dopfmer, M. R. Schenk, S. Kusic, D. H. Beck, S. Dopfmer and W. J. Cox, Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 2001, 18, 389 [Links].
254		R. M. Allem and L. A. Dykstra, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 298, 288.
255		J. Hernandez-Palazon, J. A. Tortosa, J. F. Martinez-Lage and D. Perez-Flores, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 92, 1473.
256		L. Allan, H. Hays, N.-H. Jensen, B. Le Polain de Waroux, M. Bolt, R. Donald and E. Kalso, Br. Med. J., 2001, 322, 1154.
257		P. H. Coluzzi, L. Schwartzberg, J. D. Conroy, S. Charapata, M. Gay, M. A. Busch, J. Chavez, J. Ashley, D. Lebo, M. McCracken and R. K. Portenoy, Pain, 2001, 91, 123 [Links].
258		N. Cherny, C. Ripamonti, J. Pereira, C. Davis, M. Fallon, H. McQuay, S. Mercadante, G. Pasternak and V. Ventafridda, J. Clin. Oncology, 2001, 19, 2542.
259		M. Narita and T. Suzuki, Soqo Rinsho, 2001, 50, 2446.
260		F. Aubrun, S. Monsel, O. Langeron, P. Coriat and B. Riou, Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 2001, 18, 159 [Links].
261		A. Gupta, J. Cheng, S. Wang and G. A. Barr, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 68, 635 [Links].
262		O. Gall, J.-V. Aubineau, J. Beerniere, L. Desjeux and I. Murat, Anesthesiology, 2001, 94, 447.
263		G. W. Hanks, F. de Conno, N. Cherny, M. Hanna, E. Kalso, H. J. McQuay, S. Mercandente, J. Meynadier, P. Poulain, C. Ripamonti, L. Radbruch, J. R. Casas, J. Sawe, R. G. Twycross, V. Ventafridda, A. Caraceni, J. F. Concalves, C. J. Furst, G. W. Hanks, S. Kaasa, J. M. N. Olarte and F. Stiefel, Br. J. Cancer, 2001, 84, 587 [Links].
264		H.-M. Yeh, L.-K. Chen, M.-K. Shyu, C.-J. Lin, W.-Z. Sun, M.-J. Wang, M. S. Mok and S.-K. Tsai, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 92, 665.
265		N. Mason, R. Gondret, A. Junca and F. Bonnet, Br. J. Anaesth., 2001, 86, 236.
266		T. Nakagawa, T. Ozawa, K. Shige, R. Yamamoto, M. Minami and M. Satoh, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 419, 39 [Links].
267		H. Harke, P. Gretenkort, H. U. Ladleif, S. Rahman and O. Harke, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 92, 488.
268		A. Wadhwa, D. Clarke, C. S. Goodchild and D. Young, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 92, 448.
269		K. Drasner, Anesthesiology, 2001, 94, 298.
270		B. Kent, E. Hopkins, C. A. Palmese, Z. P. Chen, J. S. Mogil and J. E. Pintar, Neuroscience (Oxford), 2001, 104, 217.
271		N. Liu, G. Kuhlman, N. Dalibon, M. Motafis, J.-C. Levron and M. Fischler, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 92, 31.
272		M. Schafer, R. Likar and C. Stein, Prog. Pain Res. Manage., 2000, 609.
273		S. D. Collins, N. M. Clayton, M. Nobbs and C. Bountra, Prog. Pain Res. Manage., 2000, 281.
274		J. E. Peacock, B. M. Wright, M. R. Withers, J. B. Luntley and R. E. Atkinson, Anaesthesia, 2000, 55, 1208 [Links].
275		F. S. Caruso and R. Goldblum, Inflammopharmacology, 2000, 8, 161.
276		P. J. Siddall, A. R. Molloy, S. Walker, L. E. Mather, S. B. Rutkowsky and M. J. Cousins, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2000, 91, 1493.
277		S. M. South, A. W. E. Wright, M. Lau, L. E. Mather and M. T. Smith, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 297, 446.
278		H. S. Stock, B. Caldarone, G. Abrahamsen, D. Mogezuli, M. A. Wilson and R. A. Rosellini, Physiol. Behav., 2001, 72, 439.
279		C. C. Natalini and E. R. Robinson, Am. J. Vet. Res., 2000, 61, 1579.
280		X. Qin, Guangxi Yike Daxue Xuebao, 1999, 16, 16.
281		E. Sarton, E. Olofsen, R. Romberg, J. den Hartig, B. Kest, D. Nueuwenhuijs, A. Burm, L. Teppema and A. Dahan, Anesthesiology, 2000, 93, 1245.
282		J.-Y. Park, G.-W. Lee, Y. Kim and M.-J. Yoo, Reg. Anesth. Pain Med., 2002, 27, 145.
283		M. B. Bloch, R. A. Dyer, S. A. Heijke and M. F. James, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2002, 94, 523.
284		N. Attal, F. Gurimand, L. Brasseur, V. Gaude, M. Chauvin and D. Bouhassira, Neurology, 2002, 58, 554.
285		K. Subramaniam, B. Subramaniam, D. K. Pawar and L. Kumar, J. Clin. Anesth., 2001, 13, 339 [Links].
286		T. J. Cicero, B. Nock, L. O'Connor and E. R. Myer, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 695.
287		S.-R. Chen and H.-L. Pan, Anesthesiology, 2001, 95, 525.
288		L. Monconduit, L. Bourgeais, J.-F. Bernard and L. Villanueva, Eur. J. Pain, 2002, 6, 81.
289		N. Abacioglu, R. Ozmen, I. Cakici, B. Tunctan and I. Kanzik, Arzneim.-Forsch., 2001, 51, 977.
290		V. K. Bhargava and L. Saha, Boll. Chim. Farm., 2001, 148, 201.
291		V. Verma, P. K. Mediratta and K. K. Sharma, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2001, 39, 636.
292		A. Nemirovsky, L. Chen, V. Zelman and I. Jurna, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 93, 197.
293		A. Dogrul, O. Yesilyurt, A. Isimer and M. E. Guzeldemir, Pain, 2001, 93, 61 [Links].
294		F. Aubrun, S. Monsel, O. Langeron, P. Cooriat and B. Riou, Anesthesiology, 2002, 96, 17.
295		N. W. Doss, S. H. Splain, T. Crimi, R. Michael, A. R. Abadir and J. Gintautas, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc., 2001, 44, 195.
296		O. Yesilyurt and I. T. Uzbay, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001, 25, 98 [Links].
297		M. Kalinichev, K. W. Easterling and S. G. Holzman, Brain Res. Bull., 2001, 54, 649 [Links].
298		M. M. Heinricher, J. C. Schouten and E. E. Jobst, Pain, 2001, 92, 129 [Links].
299		X. Li and J. D. Clark, Mol. Brain Res., 2001, 95, 96 [Links].
300		F. Kiffer, A. Joly, E. Woodey, P. Carre and C. Ecoffey, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 93, 598.
301		J. Alvarez-Fuentes, M. O. Rojas-Corrales, M. A. Holgardo, C. Sanchez-Lafuente, J. A. Mico and M. Fernandez-Arevalo, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2001, 53, 1201.
302		D. C. Campbell, C. M. Riben, M. E. Rooney, L.-A. L. Crone and R. W. Yip, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 93, 1006.
303		A. Gupta, L. Bodin, B. Holmstrom and L. Berggren, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 93, 761.
304		K. Otter, C. Mignat, D. Heber and A. Ziegler, Pharmazie, 2001, 56, 471.
305		Y. Wang, J. Zhang, K. Yun, Y. Lee, S. Tian and Y. Wang, Zhongguo Yaowu Yilaixing Zazhi, 2001, 10, 179.
306		K. R. Crews, B. P. Murthy, E. K. Hussey, A. N. Passannante, J. L. Palmer, W. Maixner and K. L. R. Brouwer, Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2001, 51, 309 [Links].
307		H. Wang and C. Tang, Xi'an Yike Daxue Xuebao, 2001, 22, 96.
308		Y. Ishii, A. Miyoshi, R. Watanabe, K. Tsuruda, M. Tsuda, Y. Yamaguchi-Nagamatsu, K. Yoshisue, M. Tanaka, D. Maji, S. Ohgiya and K. Oguri, Mol. Pharmacol., 2001, 60, 1040.
309		I. M. Coupar and B. L. T. Tran, Life Sci., 2001, 69, 779 [Links].
310		S. D. Glick, I. M. Maisonneuve, H. A. Dickinson and B. A. Kitchen, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 422, 87 [Links].
311		S.-H. Woo, H.-S. Kim, J.-S. Yun, M.-K. Lee, K.-W. Oh, Y.-H. Seong, S.-K. Oh and C.-G. Jang, Pharmacol. Res., 2001, 43, 355 [Links].
312		M. T. A. Silva and G. M. Heyman, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 69, 51 [Links].
313		A. T. Bhutta, C. Rovnaghi, P. M. Simpson, J. M. Gosset, F. M. Scalzo and K. J. S. Anand, Physiol. Behav., 2001, 73, 51.
314		V. Tortorici, M. M. Morgan and H. Vanegas, Pain, 2001, 89, 237 [Links].
315		B. C. McPherson and Z. Yao, Circulation, 2001, 103, 290.
316		D. Lancellotti, B. M. Bayer, J. R. Glowa, R. A. Houghtling and A. L. Riley, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 68, 603 [Links].
317		A. R. M. Nayebi, M. Hassanpour and H. Rezazadeh, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2001, 53, 219.
318		C. M. Miranda-Paiva, A. G. Nasello, A. J. Yin and L. F. Felicio, Brain Res. Bull., 2001, 55, 501 [Links].
319		H. E. Covington and K. A. Miczek, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 158, 388 [Links].
320		R. Slamberova, B. Szilagyi and I. Vathy, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2001, 26, 565 [Links].
321		R. M. Craft, E. C. Stoffel and J. A. Stratmann, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2001, 9, 198 [Links].
322		M. Rodriguez-Arias, J. Minarro and V. M. Simon, Behav. Pharmacol., 2001, 12, 221.
323		M. Von Heijne, J.-X- Hao, A. Scollevi and X.-J. Xu, Eur. J. Pain, 2001, 5, 1.
324		H. L. Kimmel and S. G. Holtzman, Behav. Pharmacol., 2001, 12, 101.
325		Z. Li, N.-J. Xu, C.-F. Wu, Y. Xiong, H.-P. Fan, W.-B. Zhang, Y. Sun and G. Pei, NeuroReport, 2001, 12, 1453.
326		X. Wang, X. Cen and Lu, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 432, 153 [Links].
327		L. A. Marsch, W. K. Bickel, G. J. Badger, J. P. Rathmell, M. D. B. Swedberg, B. Jonzon and C. Norsten-Hoog, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 299, 1056.
328		N. Andrews, S. Loomis, R. Blake, L. Ferrigan, L. Singh and A. T. McKnight, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 157, 381 [Links].
329		Y. Ito, K. Tabata, M. Makimura and H. Fukuda, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 70, 353 [Links].
330		G. Winger and J. H. Woods, Drug Alcohol Depend., 2001, 62, 181 [Links].
331		Y. Kozaki, E. Tadaki and T. Kumazawa, Jpn. J. Physiol, 2000, 50, 615.
332		A. S. Osterlund, E. Arlander, L. T. Eriksson and S. G. E. Lindahl, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 92, 529.
333		P. L. Bailey, J. K. Lu, N. L. Pace, M. Stat, J. A. Orr, J. L. White, E. A. Hamber, M. H. Slawson, D. J. Crouch and D. E. Rollings, New England J. Med., 2000, 343, 1228 [Links].
334		A. Dahan, E. Sarton, L. Teppema, C. Olievier, D. Nieuwenhuijs, H. W. D. Matthes and B. L. Kieffer, Anesthesiology, 2001, 94, 824.
335		Y. Kozaki, E. Tadaki, T. Kumazawa and K. Mizumura, Environ. Med., 2000, 44, 12.
336		B. Aminkov and H. Hubenov, Rev. Med. Vet. (Toulouse), 2001, 152, 71.
337		S. Balasubramanian, S. Ramakrishnan, R. Charboneau, J. Wang, R. A. Barke and S. Roy, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 2001, 33, 2179 [Links].
338		P. Cadet, B. S. Weeks, T. V. Bilfinger, K. J. Mantione, F. Casares and G. B. Stefano, Int. J. Mol. Med., 2001, 8, 165.
339		S. S. Liu, P. S. Hodgson, R. L. Carpenter and J. R. Fricke, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2001, 69, 66 [Links].
340		J.-J. Wang, J.-I. Tzeng, S.-T. Ho, J.-Y. Chen, C.-C. Chu and E. C. So, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2002, 94, 749.
341		B. Hammas, S.-E. Thorn and M. Wattwil, Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 2001, 45, 1023.
342		M. E. Coussons-Read and S. Giese, Int. Immunopharmacol., 2001, 1, 1571.
343		J. Wang, R. Charboneau, S. Balasubramanian, R. A. Barke, H. H. Loh and S. Roy, J. Leukocyte Biol., 2001, 70, 527.
344		R. D. Mellon and B. M. Bayer, Drug Alcohol Depend., 2001, 62, 141 [Links].
345		S. Suzuki, L. F. Chuang, R. Doi, J. M. Bidlack and R. Y. Chuang, Int. Immunopharmacol., 2001, 1, 1733.
346		R. Slamberova, C. J. Schindler, M. Pometlova, C. Urkuti, J. A. Purow-Sokol and I. Vathy, Physiol. Behav., 2001, 73, 93.
347		N. Galeotti, C. Ghelardini and A. Bartolini, Br. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 133, 267 [Links].
348		Z. Li, C.-F. Wu, G. Pei and N.-J. Xu, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 68, 507 [Links].
349		N.-J. Xu, L.-Z. Wang, C.-F. Wu and G. Pei, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 68, 389 [Links].
350		R. D. Heinz, T. J. Zarcone and J. V. Brady, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 69, 305 [Links].
351		K. R. Powell and S. G. Holtzman, Drug Alcohol Depend., 2001, 62, 83 [Links].
352		A. Becker, G. Grecksch, J. Kaus, B. Peters, H. Schroeder, S. Schultz and V. Hollt, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharm., 2001, 363, 562 [Links].
353		M. J. Will, A. Der-Avakian, J. L. Pepin, B. T. Durkan, L. R. Watkins and S. F. Maier, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 71, 345 [Links].
354		C. Manzanedo, M. A. Aguilar, M. Rodriguez-Arias and J. Minarro, Neurosci. Res. Commun., 2001, 29, 51 [Links].
355		N. P. Murphy, H. A. Lam and N. T. Maidment, J. Neurochem., 2001, 79, 626 [Links].
356		L. G. Gonzalez, E. Portillo, E. Del Pozo and J. M. Baeyens, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 418, 29 [Links].
357		I. Dutriez-Casteloot, V. Montel, D. Crois, C. Laborie, G. Van Camp, J.-C. Beauvilliain and J.-P. Dupouy, Brain Res., 2001, 902, 66 [Links].
358		S. Roy, J.-H. Wang, S. Balasubramanian, R. Charboneau, R. Barke and H. H. Loh, J. Neuroimmunol., 2001, 116, 147 [Links].
359		Z. G. Marinova and M. V. Vlaskovska, Dokl. Bulg. Akad. Nauk, 2000, 53, 105.
360		C. Duale, P. Raboisson, J.-L. Molat and R. Dallel, NeuroReport, 2001, 12, 2091.
361		T. Akaishi, H. Saito, Y. Ito, K. Ishige and Y. Ikegaya, Neurosci. Res., 2000, 38, 357 [Links].
362		S. N. Yang, J.-M. Yang, J.-N. Wu, Y.-H. Kao, W.-Y. Hsieh, C. C. Chao and P.-L. Tao, Hippocampus, 2000, 10, 654 [Links].
363		X.-B. Wang, S.-J. Hu and G. Ju, J. Med. Coll. PLA, 2001, 16, 64.
364		C. J. Nelson and D. T. Lysle, Clin. Immunol., 2001, 98, 370 [Links].
365		H. Houshyar, Z. D. Cooper and J. H. Woods, J. Neuroendocrinol., 2001, 13, 862.
366		M.-R. Zarrindast, S. Barfhi-Lashkari and M. Shafizadeh, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 68, 283 [Links].
367		K. Benamar, L. Xin, E. B. Geller and M. W. Adler, Brain Res., 2001, 894, 266 [Links].
368		J. A. Glassel, Prog. Drug Res., 2000, 55, 33.
369		G. Gao, A. Lum, K. Jia and S. Lin, Jiefangjun Yixue Zazhi, 2000, 25, 37.
370		S. Kalman, A. Osterberg, J. Sorensen, J. Boivie and A. Bertler, Eur. J. Pain, 2002, 6, 69.
371		A. Sood, V. S. Thakur, M. G. Karmarkar and M. M. S. Ahuja, Endocrine Res., 2001, 27, 215 [Links].
372		C. J. da S. Borges and S. J. Romuando de Arauja, Rev. Bras. Anestesiol., 2001, 51, 345.
373		R. Slappendel, E. W. G. Weber, B. Benraad, J. Van Limbeek and R. Dirksen, Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 2000, 17, 616 [Links].
374		G. B. Young and O. P. Da Silva, Clin. Neurophysiol., 2000, 111, 1955 [Links].
375		I. Vathy, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2001, 25, 1203 [Links].
376		A. Y. Matsuda and G. D. Olsen, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2001, 23, 413 [Links].
377		M. Kalinichev, K. W. Easterling and S. G. Holtzman, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 157, 305 [Links].
378		A. Cano-Martinez, R. Villalobos-Molina and L. Rocha, Epilepsy Res., 2001, 44, 89 [Links].
379		D. Berg, G. Becker, M. Naumann and K. Reiners, J. Neural Transm., 2001, 108, 1035.
380		M.-S. Kim, Y.-P. Cheong, H.-S. So, K.-M. Lee, T.-Y. Kim, Y.-T. Chung, Y. Son, B.-R. Kim and R. Park, Biochem. Pharmacol., 2001, 61, 779 [Links].
381		M. A. Boronat, M. J. Garcia-Fuster and J. A. Garcia-Sevilla, Br. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 134, 1263 [Links].
382		B. S. Weeks, N. T. Alston, P. Cadet, W. Zhu, C. Rialas and G. B. Stefano, Int. J. Mol. Med., 2001, 8, 303.
383		H. D. Gage, J. C. Gage, J. R. Tobin, A. Chiari, C. Tong, Z.-M. Xu, R. H. Mach, S. M. N. Efange, R. L. E. Ehrenkaufer and J. C. Eisenach, Pain, 2001, 91, 139 [Links].
384		H. Xu, H. Li, J. Wang, X. Fan, X. Li and F. Gong, Zhongguo Shenjinq Kexue Zazhi, 2001, 17, 259.
385		J. Liang, X. Ye and J. Zheng, Zhongguo Yaowu Yilaixing Zazhi, 2001, 10, 10.
386		H. Gustafsson, A. W. Afrah and C.-O. Stiller, J. Neurochem., 2001, 79, 55 [Links].
387		L. Lu, M. Huang, L. Ma and J. Li, Behav. Brain Res., 2001, 120, 105 [Links].
388		J. A. Kim and S. Siegel, Behav. Neurosci., 2001, 115, 704 [Links].
389		B. Zubelewicz, M. Muc-Wierzgon, M. S. Harbuz and A. Broziak, J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2000, 51, 897.
390		M. Sandrini, P. Romualdi, G. Vitale, G. Morelli, A. Capobianco, L. A. Pini and S. Candaletti, Biochem. Pharmacol., 2001, 61, 1409 [Links].
391		M. M. Nieto, J. Wilson, A. Cupo, B. P. Roques and F. Noble, J. Neurosci., 2002, 22, 1034.
392		A. Rimanoczy, R. Slamberova and I. Vathy, Brain Res., 2001, 894, 154 [Links].
393		I. Vathy, A. Rimanoczy and R. Slamberova, Brain Res. Bull., 2000, 53, 793 [Links].
394		H. Gul, O. Yildiz, A. Dogrul, O. Yesilyurt and A. Isimer, Pain, 2000, 89, 39 [Links].
395		R. A. Houghtling, R. D. Mellon, R. J. Tan and B. M. Bayer, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2000, 917, 771 [Links].
396		R. A. Houghtling and B. M. Bayer, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 213.
397		S. D. House, X. Mao, G.-D. Wu, D. Espinelli, W. X. Li and L. Chang, J. Neuroimmunol., 2001, 118, 277 [Links].
398		S. Malaivijitnond, W. Cheewasopit and T. Yoshida, Thai J. Health Res., 2001, 15, 29.
399		S. K. Sudakov, N. N. Terebilina, O. F. Medvedeva, I. V. Rusakova, M. N. Obrezchikova and I. B. Figurina, Neirokhimiya, 2000, 17, 207.
400		C. J. Nelson and D. T. Lysle, J. Neuroimmunol., 2001, 115, 101 [Links].
401		R. E. Harlan, D. S. Weber and M. M. Garcia, Brain Res. Bull., 2001, 54, 207 [Links].
402		W. Zhou, H. Liu, J. Gu, X. Xia, S. Tang and G. Yang, Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao, 2000, 16, 688.
403		P. Li and J. Zhao, Zhongguo Yiyuan Yaoxue Zazhi, 2000, 20, 740.
404		X. Liu, L. Xu, X. Qiu, N. Guli, H. Bai and J. Lu, Yaoxue Xuebao, 2000, 35, 806.
405		J. Bearn, J. Bennett, T. Martin, M. Gossop and J. Strang, Addiction Biol., 2001, 6, 147 [Links].
406		S. V. Litvinova, A. V. Nadezhdin, V. V. Shul'govskii, A. L. Kalyuzhnyi, A. N. Avdeev, E. Yu. Tetenova, N. N. Terebilina and L. F. Panchenko, Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 2001, 132, 1070 [Links].
407		E. Streel, B. Dan, P. Bredas, B. Clement, I. Pelc and P. Verbanck, Life Sci., 2001, 70, 517 [Links].
408		A. R. Dehpour, M. Samini, M. A. Arad and N. Khodadad, Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenhagen), 2001, 89, 129.
409		T. Nakagawa, Yakugaku Zazhi, 2001, 121, 671.
410		Y. L. Nuller, M. G. Morozova, O. N. Kushnir and N. Hamper, J. Psychopharmacol., 2001, 15, 93.
411		B. T. Lett, V. L. Grant and M. T. Koh, Physiol. Behav., 2001, 72, 355.
412		A. Y. Bespalov, I. O. Medvedev, I. A. Sukhotina and E. E. Zvartau, Behav. Pharmacol., 2001, 12, 135.
413		P. D. Skoubis, H. W. Matthes, W. M. Walwyn, B. L. Kieffer and N. T. Maidment, Neuroscience (Oxford), 2001, 106, 757.
414		H. M. Sisti and M. J. Lewis, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 70, 359 [Links].
415		A. N. Santi and L. A. Parke, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 70, 193 [Links].
416		S. Perrot, G. Guibaud and V. Kayser, Anesthesiology, 2001, 94, 870.
417		O. E. Osadchii and V. M. Pokrovskii, Eksp. Klin. Farmakologiya, 2001, 64, 72.
418		T. P. Weber, J. Stypmann, A. Meissner, M. G. Hartlage, H. Van Aken and N. Rolf, Br. J. Anaesth., 2001, 86, 545.
419		H. Endoh, T. Honda, S. Ohashi and Y. Shimoji, Critical Care Medicine, 2001, 29, 623.
420		Y. Wang, J.-G. Xu, Y.-Q. Yu, H.-Y. Wang, B. Jiang and X.-Y. Li, Acta Pharmacol. Scand., 2001, 22, 881.
421		M. J. Glass, M. K. Grace, J. P. Cleary, C. J. Billington and A. S. Levine, Am. J. Physiol., 2001, 281, R1605.
422		H. A. Abourazra and S. I. Sharif, Clin Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 2001, 28, 300 [Links].
423		A. L. Sharpe and H. H. Samson, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res., 2001, 25, 1006.
424		Q. Pan, F. Wu, A. Ren, Z. Mao, S. Cheng and C. Xiao, Gongye Weisheng Yu Zhiyebing, 2001, 27, 87.
425		A. R. Tome, V. Izaguirre, L. M. Rosario, V. Cena and C. Gonzalez-Garcia, Brain Res., 2001, 903, 62 [Links].
426		O. Ainsah, B. M. Nabishah, C. B. Osman and B. A. K. Khalid, Asia Pac. J. Pharmacol., 2000, 14, 121.
427		R. L. Sciorsci, M. E. Dell'Aquilla and P. Minoia, J. Dairy Sci., 2001, 84, 1627.
428		P. Minoia and R. L. Sciorsci, Curr. Drug Targets: Endocr. Metab. Disord., 2001, 1, 131.
429		T. Ozawa, T. Nakagawa, K. Shige, M. Minami and M. Satoh, Brain Res., 2001, 905, 254 [Links].
430		L. Amati, L. Caradonna, T. Magrone, C. Manghisi, G. Leandro, D. Caccavo, V. Covelli, R. L. Sciorsci, P. Minoia and E. Jirillo, Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 2001, 23, 1 [Links].
431		P. De Paepe, D. K. Van Sassenbroeck, F. M. Belpaire and W. A. Buyleart, Crit. Care Med., 2001, 29, 997.
432		E. H. Sinz, W. A. Kofke and R. H. Garman, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2000, 91, 1443.
433		R. T. Penson, S. P. Joel, S. Clark, A. Gloyne and M. L. Slevin, J. Pharm. Sci., 2001, 90, 1810 [Links].
434		C. Ulens, L. Baker, A. Ratka, D. Waumans and J. Tygat, Biochem. Pharmacol., 2001, 62, 1273 [Links].
435		C. M. W. Evangelista and D. De Carvalho, Rev. Bras. Toxicol., 2001, 14, 5.
436		R. T. Penso, S. P. Joel, K. Bakhshi, S. J. Clark, R. M. Langford and M. L. Slevin, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (St. Louis), 2000, 68, 667436.
437		J. Lotsch, Int. Congr. Ser., 2001, 1220, 27.
438		P. Klepstad, S. Kaasa and P. C. Borchgrevink, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 56, 601 [Links].
439		J. Plummer, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 56, 599 [Links].
440		J. Lotsch and G. Geisslinger, Clin. Pharmacokinet., 2001, 40, 485.
441		M. R. Bouwe, R. Xie, K. Tunblad and M. Hammarlund-Udenaes, Br. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 134, 1796.
442		W. F. Mathes and R. B. Karnak, Physiol. Behav., 2001, 74, 245.
443		D. E. Shelley, C.-C. Cao, T. Sexton, J. A. Schwegel, T. J. Martin and R. S. Childers, Biochem. Pharmacol., 2001, 62, 447 [Links].
444		S. Lamarque, K. Taghzouti and H. Simon, Neuropharmacology, 2001, 41, 118 [Links].
445		V. M. Hendriks, W. van den Brink, P. Blanken, I. J. Bosmann and J. M. Van Ree, Eur. Neuropsychpharmacol., 2001, 11, 241 [Links].
446		F. E. Pontieri, P. Monnazzi, A. Scontrini, F. R. Buttarelli and F. R. Patacchioli, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 421, R1 [Links].
447		R. W. Foltin and S. M. Evans, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 155, 419 [Links].
448		T. Katsorcis, P. Bourdenas, D. Mouzaki, T. Biei-Paraskevopoulou and N. C. Vamvakkopoulos, Life Sci., 2001, 69, 347 [Links].
449		E. Celerier, J.-P. Laulin, J.-B. Corcuff, M. Le Moal and G. Simmonet, J. Neurosci., 2001, 21, 4074.
450		F. E. Pontieri, P. Monnazzi, A. Sontrini, F. R. Buttarelli and F. R. Patacchioli, Brain Res., 2001, 898, 178 [Links].
451		Z. Zhang, N. Zhu, L. Cheng, H. Zhang and K. Zhou, Zhongguo Yaowu Yilaixing Zazhi, 2000, 9, 285.
452		M. Zhao, D. Yan, W. Hao, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Li and T. Liu, Zhongguo Yaowu Yilaixing Zazhi, 2000, 9, 283.
453		I. A. H. Franken, L. Y. Kroon, R. W. Wiers and A. Jansen, J. Psychopharmacol., 2000, 14, 395.
454		E. A. Kiyatkin and G. V. Rebec, Neuroscience (Oxford), 2001, 102, 565.
455		J. Wei, Z. Wang, Y. Zhang and Z. Zhao, Zhongguo Yaowu Yilaixing Zazhi, 2001, 10, 188.
456		F. Liu, D. He, Z. Guo and C. Chen, Zhongguo Yaowu Yilaixing Zazhi, 2001, 10, 185.
457		E. A. Kiyatkin and R. A. Wise, J. Neurosci., 2002, 22, 1072.
458		F. Leri and J. Stewart, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2001, 9, 297 [Links].
459		T. A. Slotkin, F. J. Seidler and J. Yanai, Dev. Brain. Res., 2001, 132, 69 [Links].
460		J. K. Rowlett, R. D. Spealman and D. M. Platt, Psychopharmacolgy (Berlin), 2001, 157, 313 [Links].
461		D. M. Platt, J. K. Rowlett and R. D. Spealman, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 299, 760.
462		K. M. Rentsch, G. A. Kullak-Ublick, C. Reichel, P. J. Meier and K. Fattinger, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (St. Louis), 2001, 70, 237 [Links].
463		K. Mystakidou, S. Befon, K. Sofia, E. Kouskouni, K. Gerolymatos, S. Georgaki, E. Tsilika and L. Vlahos, Anticancer Res., 2001, 21, 2225.
464		J. C. Raeder, S. Steine and T. T. Vatsgar, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 92, 1470.
465		T. H. Fagerlund and O. Braaten, Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 2001, 45, 140.
466		M. S. Moir, E. Blair, P. Shinnick and A. Messner, Laryngoscope, 2000, 110, 1824.
467		L. MacEricke, J. Sorrentino, J. Quiring, S. Garreffa, D. Plaza and R. Koslo, J. Appl. Res., 2001, 1, 110.
468		T. P. Enggaard, L. Poulsen, L. Arendt-Nielsen, S. H. Hansen, I. Bjornsdottir, L. F. Gram and S. H. Sindrup, Pain, 2001, 92, 277 [Links].
469		D.-S. Popa, F. Longhin, O. Roraur and E. Curea, Farmacia (Bucharest), 2001, 49, 19.
470		W. S. Mullican and J. R. Lacyy, Clin. Ther., 2001, 23, 1429 [Links].
471		M. Chew, J. M. White, A. A. Somogyi, F. Bochner and R. J. Irvine, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 425, 159 [Links].
472		A. Kopp, D. Wachauer, K. H. Hoerauf, E. Zuluz, W. J. Reiter and H. Steltzer, Wiener Klinische Wochenshr., 2000, 112, 1002.
473		M. E. Abreu, G. E. Bigelow, E. Fleischer and S. L. Walsh, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 154, 76 [Links].
474		M. S. Angst, D. R. Drover, J. Lotsch, B. Ramaswamy, S. Naidu, D. R. Wada and D. R. Stanski, Anesthesiology, 2001, 94, 63.
475		C. Durnin, I. D. Hind, M. M. Wickens, D. B. Yates and K.-H. Molz, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc., 2001, 44, 81.
476		C. Durnin, I. D. Hind, S. P. Ghani, D. B. Yates and K.-H. Molz, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc., 2001, 44, 83.
477		S. L. Walsh, E. C. Stain, M. E. Abreu and G. E. Bigelow, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 157, 151 [Links].
478		A. W. E. Wright, L. E. Mather and M. T. Smith, Life Sci., 2001, 69, 409 [Links].
479		M. Palangio, E. Morris, R. T. Doyle, B. E. Dornseif and T. J. Valente, Clin. Ther., 2002, 24, 87 [Links].
480		J. E. Stambaugh, R. F. Reder, M. D. Stambaugh, H. Stambaugh and M. Davis, J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2001, 41, 500.
481		M. H. Levy, Eur. J. Pain, 2001, 5((suppl. A)), 113.
482		H.-C. Ma, S. Dohi, Y.-F. Wang, Y. Ishizawa and F. Yanagidate, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 92, 1307.
483		L.-C. Chiou, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 2001, 363, 583 [Links].
484		P. Heinala, H. Alho, K. Kiianmaa, J. Lonngvist, K. Kuoppasalmi and J. D. Sinclair, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2001, 21, 287 [Links].
485		J. D. Sinclair, Alcohol Alcoholism (Oxford), 2001, 36, 2.
486		J. Chick, R. Anton, K. Checinski, R. Kroop, D. C. Drummond, R. Farmer, D. Labriola, J. Marshall, J. Moncrieff, M. Y. Morgan, T. Peters and B. Ritson, Alcohol Alcoholism (Oxford), 2001, 35, 587.
487		C. J. Nelson, K. A. Carrigan and D. T. Lysle, J. Surgical Res., 2000, 94, 172.
488		A. Scinska, E. Koros, E. Polanowska, A. Kukwa, A. Bogucka-Bonikowska, W. Kostowski, B. Habrat and P. Bienkowski, Pol. J. Pharmacol., 2000, 52, 397.
489		M. E. Quantanilla and L. Tampier, Alcohol (N. Y.), 2000, 21, 245 [Links].
490		S. J. Porter, A. A. Somogyi and J. M. White, Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 50, 465 [Links].
491		K. J. Powell, N. S. Abul-Husn, A. Jhamandas, M. C. Olmstead, R. J. Beninger and K. Jhamandas, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 588.
492		C.-S. Yuan, G. Wei, J. F. Foss, M. O'Connor, T. Karrison and J. Osinski, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 118.
493		H. Krenn, W. Oczenski, H. Jellinek, M. Krumpl-Stroher, E. Schweitzer and R. D. Fitzgerald, Eur. J. Pain, 2001, 5, 219.
494		S. Charuluxananan, O. Kyokong, W. Somboonviboon, S. Lertmaharit, P. Ngamprasertwong and K. Nimcharoendee, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 93, 162.
495		A. Oliveto, K. Sevarino, E. McCance-Katz and A. Feingold, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2001, 71, 85 [Links].
496		R. Grief, S. Laciny, A. M. Rajek, M. D. Larson, A. R. Bjorksten, A. G. Doufas, M. Bakhshandeh, M. Mokhtarani and D. I. Sessler, Anesth. Analg. (Baltimore), 2001, 93, 620.
497		S. J. Choi and J. O. Cho, Chungnam Uidae Chapchi, 2000, 27, 275.
498		C. Gaveriaux, D. Filliol, F. Simonin, H. W. D. Matthes and B. L. Kieffer, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 298, 1193.
499		K. D. Candido, C. D. Franco, M. A. Khan, A. P. Winnie and D. S. Raja, Regional Anesth. Pain Med., 2001, 26, 352.
500		S. E. Robinson and M. J. Wallace, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 298, 797.
501		P. N. Gueye, S. W. Borron, P. Risede, C. Monier, F. Buneaux, M. Debray and F. J. Baud, Toxicol. Sci., 2001, 62, 148 [Links].
502		A. Berson, D. Fau, R. Fornacciari, P. Degove-Goddard, A. Sutton, V. Descatoire, D. Haouzi, P. Letteron, A. Moreau, G. Feldman and D. Pessayre, J. Hepatol., 2001, 34, 261 [Links].
503		L. B. E. Martin, A. C. Thompson, T. Martin and M. B. Kristal, Comparative Med., 2001, 51, 43.
504		S. Petitjean, R. Stohler, J.-J. Deglon, S. Livoti, D. Waldvogel, C. Uehlinger and D. Ladewig, Drug Alcohol Depend., 2001, 62, 97 [Links].
505		K. B. Stoller, G. E. Bigelow, S. L. Walsh and E. C. Strain, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 154, 230 [Links].
506		P. Huang, G. B. Kehner, A. Cowan and L.-Y. Liu-Chen, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2001, 297, 698.
507		K. Amass, J. B. Kamien and S. K. Mikulich, Drug Alcohol Depend., 2001, 61, 173 [Links].
508		R. Jakobs, M. U. Adamek, A. C. von Bubnoff and J. F. Riemann, Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 2000, 35, 1319 [Links].
509		S. D. Comer, E. D. Collins and M. W. Fischman, Psychopharmacolgy (Berlin), 2001, 154, 28 [Links].
510		J. Deng, M. St. Clair, C. Everett, M. Reitman and R. A. Star, Comparative Med., 2000, 50, 628.
511		A. B. Lohmann and F. L. Smith, Pediatr. Res., 2001, 49, 50.
512		M. De Dulca, A. Gagnon, A. Mucchielli, S. Robinet and A. Vellay, Ann. Med. Interne, 2000, 151(suppl. B), 9.
513		D. S. Harris, T. Jones, S. Welm, R. A. Upjohn, E. Lin and J. Mendelson, Drug Alcohol Depend., 2000, 61, 85 [Links].
514		K. A. Otto, K. H. S. Steiner, F. Zailskas and B. Wippermann, J. Exp. Anim. Sci., 2000, 41, 133.
515		K. A. Otto, T. Gerich and C. Volmert, J. Exp. Anim. Sci., 2000, 41, 121.
516		E. A. Walker and A. M. Young, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 2001, 154, 131 [Links].
517		R. E. Johnson, M. A. Chutuape, E. C. Strain, S. L. Walsh, M. L. Stitzer and G. E. Bigelow, New England J. Med., 2000, 343, 1290 [Links].
518		K. D. Candido, A. P. Winnie, A. H. Ghaleb, M. W. Fattouh and C. D. Franco, Regional Anesth. Pain Med., 2002, 27, 162.
519		X. Yan, M. Hong, G. Li and C. Liu, Baiqiuen Yike Daxue Xuebao, 2001, 27, 243.
520		X. Yan, M. Hong, G. Li and C. Liu, Zhongguo Yaowy Yilaixing Zazhi, 2001, 10, 176.
521		A. Gross, E. A. Jacobs, N. M. Petry, G. J. Badger and W. K. Bickel, Drug Alcohol Depend., 2001, 64, 111 [Links].
522		P. N. Gueye, S. W. Borron, P. Riede, C. Monier, F. Buneaux, M. Debray and F. J. Baud, Toxicol. Sci., 2002, 65, 107 [Links].
523		K. Morimoto, R. Nishimura, S. Matsunaga, M. Mochizuki and N. Sasaki, J. Vet. Med. Ser. A, 2001, 48, 303.
524		D. W. Raisch, C. L. Fye, K. D. Boardman and M. R. Stather, Ann. Pharmacother., 2002, 36, 312.
525		C. E. Hanson, G. R. Ruble, I. Essiet and A. B. Hartman, Comparative Med., 2001, 51, 224.
526		T. Nanovskaya, S. Deshmukh, M. Brooks and M. S. Ahmed, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 300, 26.
527		P. Jablonski, B. O. Howden and K. Baxter, Lab. Animals, 2001, 35, 213.
528		Y. Chen, T. Guo, H. Yan, B. He and L. Chen, Hunan Yixue, 2001, 18, 95.
529		L. J. Smith and J. K.-A. Yu, Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 2001, 28, 87 [Links].
530		N. K. Mello and S. S. Negus, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001, 25, 104 [Links].
531		R. E. Johnson, H. E. Jones, D. R. Jasinski, D. S. Svikis, N. A. Haug, L. M. Jansson, W. B. Kissin, G. Alpan, M. E. Lantz, E. J. Cone, D. G. Wilkins, A. S. Golden, G. R. Huggins and B. M. Lester, Drug Alcohol Depend., 2001, 63, 97 [Links].
532		S. Ohmori, L. Fang, M. Kawase, S. Saito and Y. Morimoto, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 423, 157 [Links].
533		K. Nagata, T. Itoh, K. Kameoka, M. Miyazaki and A. Ohsawa, Heterocycles, 2001, 55, 2269 [Links].
534		L. Mroz, Pol. J. Ecol., 2002, 50, 93.
535		R. Brecht, F. Büttner, M. Böhm, G. Seitz, G. Frenzen, A. Pilz and W. Massa, J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 2911 [Links].
536		A. V. Vorogushin, W. D. Wulff and H.-J. Hansen, Org. Lett., 2001, 3, 2641 [Links].
537		E. Bombardelli and A. Pontiroli, PCT Int. Appl., WO 01 68597 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 242384).
538		E. Bombardelli, A. Pontiroli, PCT Int. Appl., WO 01 68089 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 242385).
539		J. C. Arnould, M. A. Lamorlette, PCT Int. Appl., WO 02 04434 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 102557).
540		J. C. Arnould, PCT Int. Appl., WO 02 08213 (Chem. Abstr., 2002, 136, 151337).
541		T. Vallarino-Kelly and P. Morales-Ramirez, Mutation Res., 2001, 495, 51.
542		M.-J. Ruiz-Gomez, A. Souviron, M. Martinez-Morillo and L. Gil, J. Physiol. Biochem., 2000, 56, 307.
543		U. Lange, C. Schumann and K. L. Schmidt, Eur. J. Med. Res., 2001, 6, 150.
544		P. S. Aisen, D. B. Martin, A. M. Brickman, J. Santoro and M. Fusco, Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 2001, 15, 96 [Links].
545		A. Rambaldi and C. Gluud, Liver (Copenhaqen), 2001, 21, 129.
546		Yu. I. Egorov, A. V. Kuz'min, V. I. Marshalko and V. I. Orlov, Russian Pat., RU 2143892 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 87107).
547		M. Angelico, M. Cepparulo, A. Barlattani, A. Liuti, S. Gentile, M. Hutova, D. Ombres, P. Guarascio, G. Rocchi and F. Angelico, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 2000, 14, 1459 [Links].
548		S. Shtrasburg, M. Pras, R. Gal, M. Salai and A. Livneh, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 2001, 138, 107 [Links].
549		M.-C. Lu, Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2001, 22, 1149.
550		S. Yurdakul, C. Mat, Y. Tuzun, Y. Ozyazgan, V. Hamuryudann, O. Uysal, M. Senocak and H. Yazici, Arthritis Rheumatism, 2001, 44, 2686 [Links].
551		P. M. Battezzati, M. Zuin, A. Crosignani, M. Allocca, P. Invernizzi, C. Selmi, E. Villa and M. Podda, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 2001, 15, 1427.
552		M. E. Amer, Alexandria J. Pharm. Sci., 2001, 15, 40.
553		H. Tanaka, H. Etoh, H. Shimizu, T. Oh-Uchi, Y. Terada and Y. Tateishi, Planta Med., 2001, 67, 871 [Links].
554		C. Jousse-Karinthi, C. Riche, A. Chiaroni and D. Desmaele, Eur J. Org. Chem., 2001, 3631 [Links].
555		T. Kawasaki, N. Onoda, H. Watanabe and T. Kitahara, Tetrahedron Lett., 2001, 42, 8003 [Links].
556		J. B. Hart, J. M. Mason and P. J. Gerard, Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 10033 [Links].
557		H. He, Zhongcaoyao, 2001, 32, 201.
558		J. Kobayashi, M. Yoshinaga, N. Yoshida, M. Shiro and H. Morita, J. Org. Chem., 2002, 67, 2283 [Links].
559		Y. Kosecki, H. Sato, Y. Watanabe and T. Nagasaka, Org. Lett., 2001, 4, 885 [Links].
560		J.-P. Robin, R. Dhal, F. Drouye, J.-P. Marie, N. Radosevic, J. Robin. K. Souchaud and P. Bataille, PCT Int. Appl., WO 02 32904 (Chem. Abstr. 2002, 136 340862.
561		C. Zhang, Y. Li, H. Ma, S. Li, S. Xao and D. Chen, Sci. China, C, 2001, 44, 383.
562		D. Lu, J. Cao and B. Xu, Tianran Chiwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa, 2000, 12, 70.
563		H. M. Kantarjian, M. Talpaz, T. L. Smith, J. Cortes, A. Murgo, B. Cheson and S. O'Brien, J. Clin. Oncol., 2002, 18, 3513.
564		J. Jin, M. Haubeng, X. Lin and R. Parwaresch, Zhonghua Xueyexue Zazhi, 2000, 21, 546.
565		Z. Cai, M. Lin, L. Wolf-Dieter, K. Leonid and Z. Qin, Zhongguo Mianyixue Zazhi, 2000, 16, 607.
566		Z. Cai, M. Lin, C. Wuchter, V. Ruppert, B. Dorken, W.-D. Ludwig and L. Karawajew, Leukemia, 2001, 15, 567 [Links].
567		J. Wang, G. Sun, W. Wu, Y. Yao, D. Xiao, H. Su and S. Xiong, Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao, 2001, 21, 334.
568		J. Wang, G. Sun, W. Wu, Y. Yao, D. Xiao, H. Su and S. Xiong, Shanghai Yixue, 2001, 24, 166.
569		H. M. Kantarjian, M. Talpaz, V. Santini. A. Murgo, B. Cheson and S. M. O'Brien, Cancer (New York), 2001, 92, 1591 [Links].
570		O. Tamura, T. Yanagimichi, T. Kobayashi and H. Ishibashi, Org. Lett., 2001, 3, 2427 [Links].
571		A. S. ElAzab, T. Taniguchi and K. Ogasawara, Heterocycles, 2001, 56, 39.
572		A. Padwa and M. D. Danca, Org. Lett., 2002, 4, 715 [Links].
573		J. D. Scott and R. M. Williams, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 1463 [Links].
574		J. D. Scott and R. M. Williams, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 2951 [Links].
575		B. Zhou, J. Guo and S. J. Danishefsky, Org. Lett., 2002, 4, 43 [Links].
576		I. Manzanares, C. Cuevas, R. Garcia-Nieto, E. Marco and F. Gago, Curr. Med. Chem: Anticancer Agents, 2001, 1, 257.
577		M. Flores, A. Francesch and I. Manzanares, PCT Int. Appl., WO 01 77115 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 304055).
578		E. J. Corey, PCT Int. Appl., WO 01 58905 (Chem. Abstr., 2001, 135, 166955).
579		S. J. Danishefsky and B. Zhou, PCT Int. Appl., W0 01 53299 (Chem Abstr., 2001, 135, 137633).
580		A. G. Myers and A. T. Plowright, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 5114 [Links].
581		F. von Nussbaum, S. Schumann and W. Steglich, Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 2331 [Links].