A review of HMX synthesis.

[megalomania]

Like my previous post, I have compiled some references of HMX synthesis. If someone who involves themselves in greater detail than I can give in RDX synthesis, please review this list of references and I will get what is asked for. This info is from 1966 to this week in 2002.

Bibliographic Information

Nitric acid decomposition of waste composite propellants for recovery of nitramine components. Warner, Kirstin F.; Cannizzo, Louis F.; Hajik, Robert M.; Johnston, Harold E. (Cordant Technologies Inc., USA). U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2002), 9 pp. CODEN: USXXCO US 20020028971 A1 20020307 Patent written in English. Application: US 2001-784475 20010215. Priority: US 2000-188182 20000310. CAN 136:219170 AN 2002:172521 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 2002028971 A1 20020307 US 2001-784475 20010215

Priority Application Information
US 2000-188182P 20000310

Abstract

Nitramines are recovered from waste or unwanted composite nitramine aluminized propellants by: (1) treating the waste propellant with aq. nitric acid (less than 55 wt.% HNO3), at a 4-6:1 wt. ratio of HNO3 to waste propellant, to digest the binder into soln. while neither solvating nor solvolyzing into soln. all or most of the nitramine, (2) adding a mineral acid other than nitric acid to the soln. and digesting a portion of the aluminum, and (3) recovering the nitramine. Suitable mineral acids other than nitric acid are selected from hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydroiodic acid. Suitable nitramines that can be recovered include RDX, HMX, TEX, 4,10-dinitro-4,10-diaza-2,6,8,12-tetraoxatetracyclo[5.5.0.05,9.0.3,11] dodecane, and CL-20 (HNIW). Treatment of the energetic material can be carried out without the use of volatile org. solvents.

Bibliographic Information

Study on technology of preparation of ultrafine particle of explosives. Wang, Weimin; Wang, Junbo; Chen, Yaxu; Zhang, Qiang. Ammunition Engineering Department Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang, Peop. Rep. China. Editor(s): Chen, Lang; Feng, Changgen. Theory and Practice of Energetic Materials, [Proceedings of the International Autumn Seminar on Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics], 4th, Shaoxing, China, Oct. 25-28, 2001 (2001), 133-137. Publisher: China Science and Technology Press, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China CODEN: 69CEIX Conference written in English. AN 2002:50485 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The technol. process for the prepn. of sub-micron ultra-fine HMX is described with the high-speed impacting streams. The best technol. elements are detd. after analyzing factors that affect particle size.

Bibliographic Information

Study on ultrafine technology for HMX. Wang, Jingyu; Xu, Wengzheng. North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, Peop. Rep. China. Editor(s): Chen, Lang; Feng, Changgen. Theory and Practice of Energetic Materials, [Proceedings of the International Autumn Seminar on Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics], 4th, Shaoxing, China, Oct. 25-28, 2001 (2001), 102-106. Publisher: China Science and Technology Press, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China CODEN: 69CEIX Conference written in English. AN 2002:50479 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

By analyzing shortcomings of prepn. ultrafine explosive by general recrystn. method, the technol. is developed for the prodn. of ultrafine crystals on the basis of crystals and fluid injection principle and crystal-growth mechanism is described. The median diam. of the crystals is 0.40 mm and the particle size of £ 1 mm is 66%.

Bibliographic Information

New explosive for explosive reactive armor. Gou, Ruijun; Liu, Tiansheng; Wang, Fengying; Jiao, Lijuan. Department of Environment & Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, Peop. Rep. China. Editor(s): Chen, Lang; Feng, Changgen. Theory and Practice of Energetic Materials, [Proceedings of the International Autumn Seminar on Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics], 4th, Shaoxing, China, Oct. 25-28, 2001 (2001), 60-64. Publisher: China Science and Technology Press, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China CODEN: 69CEIX Conference written in English. AN 2002:50470 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A new composite explosive based on HMX was studied in order to accommodate to the development of multifunctional explosive reactive armor (ERA). It was proved via a series of tests that the new explosive was very insensitive to fire, small caliber projectile and other mech. stimulus, but can be reliably ignited by any form jet or projectile of 100 mm caliber. Because it was more powerful than the pervious explosives charges for ERA, it was more effective to enhance the anti-warhead performance of the ERA, esp. for shaped charges and large caliber kinetic energy (KE) projectiles.

Bibliographic Information

Preparing ultra-fine HMX particles by GAS process. Wang, Baomin; Zhang, Jinglin. Dept. of Environment & Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, Peop. Rep. China. Editor(s): Chen, Lang; Feng, Changgen. Theory and Practice of Energetic Materials, [Proceedings of the International Autumn Seminar on Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics], 4th, Shaoxing, China, Oct. 25-28, 2001 (2001), 19-23. Publisher: China Science and Technology Press, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China CODEN: 69CEIX Conference written in English. CAN 136:202691 AN 2002:50462 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Ultra-fine HMX explosive was prepd. by using the gas anti-solvent (GAS) process under different conditions. Acetone was used as solvent. Carbon dioxide was used as the anti-solvent for the recrystn. process. The different particle size and crystal shape of HMX were obtained by changing the pressure and rate of increase. The ultra-fine HMX particle less than 1 mm can be produced at 8.0 MPa, and three crystal shape were obtained at the different rates of pressure increase.

Bibliographic Information

Study on the lab. synthesis of HMX using dinitrogen pentoxide as the nitrating agent. Ge, Zhongxue; Li, Gaoming; Hong, Feng; Song, Xinchao. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Peop. Rep. China. Huozhayao Xuebao (2002), 25(1), 45-47. CODEN: HUXUFP Journal written in Chinese. CAN 136:281565 AN 2001:913074 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The synthesis of HMX was studied from DADN (1,5-diacetyl-3,7- dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetranitrotetrazacycloctane) using N2O5-HNO3 as nitrating agent. The yield of HMX was greater than 96%, and the m.p. was 272.0-272.8°. The factors affecting the yield of HMX are discussed.

Bibliographic Information

Formation of energetic materials using supercritical fluids. Teipel, Ulrich; Krober, Hartmut; Krause, Horst H. Fraunhofer-Institut fur Chemische Technologie (ICT), Pfinztal, Germany. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics (2001), 26(4), 168-173. CODEN: PEPYD5 ISSN: 0721-3115. Journal written in English. CAN 136:104697 AN 2001:829487 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A new field of applications of compressed gases is the formation of solid particles with well-defined properties, e.g. the particle size, the particle size distribution, the particle shape, the sp. surface area and free of solvent inclusions. It is possible to process moderately solids like energetic materials which are difficult to comminute due to their sensitivity to mech. or thermal stress. The characteristics of compressed gases allow to vary the morphol. of solid particles in a wide range. A pilot plant is presented, which has been built to prep. fine particles by the rapid expansion of supercrit. solns. (RESS process) and pptn. by a compressed fluid antisolvent (PCA process). The micronization of different energetic materials by the RESS and PCA processes is investigated.

Bibliographic Information

Crystalline form control in process of supercritical GAS antisolvent recrystallization. Wang, Baomin; Zhang, Jinglin; Di, Yunlan. Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China. Huogongpin (2001), (2), 11-13, 17. CODEN: HUOGE5 ISSN: 1003-1480. Journal written in Chinese. CAN 136:202686 AN 2001:739671 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The concept, theory, and exptl. results of the gas antisolvent (GAS) supercrit. recrystn. of HMX were examd., esp. to obtain different cryst. forms of HMX and to build a dynamic model of crystal growth.

Bibliographic Information

Microparticle formation of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane by crystallizations with ultrasound. Kim, Kwang-Joo; Kim, Kap-Mo; Lee, Jung-Min. Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejeon, S. Korea. International Annual Conference of ICT (2001), 32nd(Energetic Materials), 124/1-124/5. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in English. CAN 135:332983 AN 2001:605135 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Microparticle formation and crystn. kinetics of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) in solns. using sono-recrystn. were studied. Water, acetone, and N-methylpyrrolidone were used as solvents. The mechanisms of crystn. by using ultrasound were compared with those of stirred mixing crystn. The re-crystd. HMX with narrow size distribution microparticle with coeff. of variance of 0.35 and av. particle size of 2-10 m, which can be controlled by the operating conditions, was obtained. Shape of crystal was near to being spherical. Eventually microparticle of b-HMX was formed by the recrystn. with ultrasound.

Bibliographic Information

Supercritical fluid technology: a new process on formation of energetic materials. Krober, H.; Reinhard, W.; Teipel, U. Fraunhofer Institut fur Chemische Technologie (ICT), Pfinztal, Germany. International Annual Conference of ICT (2001), 32nd(Energetic Materials), 48/1-48/13. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in English. CAN 135:346528 AN 2001:605072 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A novel process for purifn. of energetic solids was developed using compressed inert supercrit. gases (esp. CO2), in which the material can be comminuted to solid particles with well-defined properties (e.g., particle size, size distribution, shape, and sp. surface area) and no fluid inclusions. The particle morphol. can be varied by varying the characteristics of the compressed gases. The RESS (Rapid Expansion of Supercrit. Solns.) uses a loaded supercrit. fluid that is expanded through a nozzle to create a high supersatn. in the jet, in which rapid crystal nucleation and growth occurs. Solids which are insol. in a compressed gas can be processed by using the PCA process (pptn. with a compressed antisolvent). In this process, a soln. consisting of an org. solvent that is completely miscible with the compressed gas, and a solid material dissolved in this solvent is sprayed through a nozzle into a high-pressure vessel filled with a compressed gas. A pilot plant was thus built to prep. fine particles of certain solid explosives (e.g., HNS, TNT, RDX, etc.).

Bibliographic Information

Separation of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives by capillary liquid chromatography. Goodpaster, John V.; McGuffin, Victoria L. Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies (2001), 24(13), 1965-1978. CODEN: JLCTFC ISSN: 1082-6076. Journal written in English. CAN 135:244590 AN 2001:557131 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

This study outlines the successful sepn. of nitrated explosives by using high efficiency capillary liq. chromatog. Careful optimization of sepn. conditions such as mobile phase compn. and temp. was performed by using a window diagram, as well as a more global criterion, the chromatog. resoln. statistic. These efforts resulted in complete baseline resoln. of all 14 components of a std. mixt. of explosives, which has not previously been achieved by using conventional liq. chromatog. This method was then applied to the detn. of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazine (HMX), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT) in com.-grade and military-grade explosive samples. As a result, the countries of manuf. of two RDX samples were deduced based on the presence or absence of reaction byproducts.

Bibliographic Information

The sensitivity of explosives. McCrone, Walter C. McCrone Associates, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA. Microscope (2001), 49(1), 47-48. CODEN: MICRAD ISSN: 0026-282X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:109344 AN 2001:363793 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The sensitivity of HMX (e.g., as a byproduct of the manuf. of RDX) posses 4 known polymorphs, and, in one form (designated HMX 1, in the bipyramidal polymorph) is relatively insensitive. Phys. deformation (e.g., induced by rapid crystn.) results in a marked increase in sensitivity of HMX 1. HMX in general is subject to crystal strain if crystd. rapidly or ground to finer crystals, which can increase sensitivity, make the total batch have variable sensitivity, and can cause occasional unexpected explosions. This effect of crystal strain on sensitivity was also obsd. for TNT and lead azide, although no quant. relationship was examd.

Bibliographic Information

Manufacture of finely dispersed explosives by crystallization from supercritical fluids. Teipel, Ulrich; Krause, Horst; Krober, Hartmut; Forter-Barth, Ulrich. (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung e.V., Germany). Eur. Pat. Appl. (2001), 13 pp. CODEN: EPXXDW EP 1090894 A1 20010411 Designated States R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO. Patent written in German. Application: EP 2000-121747 20001005. Priority: DE 99-19948133 19991006. CAN 134:282927 AN 2001:261086 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
EP 1090894 A1 20010411 EP 2000-121747 20001005
R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO

Priority Application Information
DE 1999-19948133 19991006

Abstract

An explosive is dissolved in an org. solvent, a supercrit. fluid, which is miscible or partially miscible with the solvent and in which the explosive is insol. or slightly sol., is injected in the form of a jet flow into the soln., the solvent is collected during crystn. of the explosive particles from the supercrit. fluid, and the explosive particles are sepd. after expansion into a subcrit. state. Preferably, the soln. is injected into the supercrit. fluid by means of a complex nozzle or at least 1 nozzle channel of the complex nozzle, and the supercrit. fluid is fed by means of another nozzle channel.

Bibliographic Information

Study on preparation of ultrafine particle of explosive using high-speed impinging streams technology. Wang, Weimin; Zhao, Xiaoli; Zhang, Xiaoning. Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang, Peop. Rep. China. Huozhayao Xuebao (2001), 24(1), 52-54. CODEN: HUXUFP Journal written in Chinese. CAN 134:282874 AN 2001:69502 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The prepn. of sub-micron ultrafine HMX by using high-speed impinging streams technol. was studied. The factors affecting the particle size of the explosive were analyzed. The optimum prepn. conditions were: loading pressure 1500 MPa, treating no. 5, suspension concn. 5%, and distd. water adding dispersing agent as solvent.

Bibliographic Information

Nitration of organic compounds in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide for synthesis of energetic materials. Nauflett, George W.; Farncomb, Robert E. (United States Dept. of the Navy, USA). U.S. (2001), 10 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 6177033 B1 20010123 Patent written in English. Application: US 99-334555 19990621. Priority: US 99-137233 19990601. CAN 134:118045 AN 2001:58558 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 6177033 B1 20010123 US 1999-334555 19990621

Priority Application Information
US 1999-137233P 19990601

Abstract

Nitrations of org. compds., for synthesis of energetic materials, is carried out by: (1) providing a CO2 reaction medium at ³-30° and ³500 psi (corresponding to liq. or supercrit. CO2), and (2) prepg. N2O5 as the nitrating agent (e.g., by dehydration of anhyd. HNO3 with P2O5). A no. of nitrations in liq. or supercrit. CO2 were carried out by N2O5 or anhyd. HNO3, esp. for synthesis of 3-nitratomethyl-3-methyloxetane, poly(3-nitratomethyl-3-methyloxetane), glycidyl nitrate, g-cyclodextrin nitrate, and nitramines (esp. HMX).

Bibliographic Information

Dacylation and solid-state nitration of N-acetyl-HMX for manufacture of high-purity HMX. Lukasavage, William J. (Schlumberger Technology Corporation, USA). PCT Int. Appl. (2000), 75 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 0073286 A1 20001207 Designated States W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM. Designated States RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG. Patent written in English. Application: WO 2000-US12707 20000510. Priority: US 99-135970 19990526; US 2000-476279 20000103. CAN 134:44162 AN 2000:861665 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
WO 2000073286 A1 20001207 WO 2000-US12707 20000510
W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM
RW: GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZW, AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG
US 6214988 B1 20010410 US 1999-476947 19990103
US 6194571 B1 20010227 US 2000-476279 20000103
US 6201117 B1 20010313 US 2000-476699 20000103
US 6265573 B1 20010724 US 2000-477052 20000103

Priority Application Information
US 1999-135970P 19990526
US 2000-476279 20000103

Abstract

High-purity (greater than 99 wt.% purity) a-HMX is prepd. by non-soln. reaction of a compd. of structure I (R = C1-5-linear or branched alkyl) with P2O5 and concd. (98 wt.%) HNO3 at 10-20°°. The reaction can be carried out in two steps, in which the first involves mixing of P2O5 with HNO3 at 0-25° to form a reaction mixt., followed by addn. of I (R = Me) and solid-state nitration to produce a-HMX. Methods for granulation of a-HMX and b-HMX, and manuf. of HMX as fibers (with aspect ratio greater than 50:1), are also described.


Bibliographic Information

Manufacture of HMX-based composite explosives by vacuum sorption of second energetic material. Lukasavage, William J.; Behrmann, Lawrence A.; Voreck, Wallace E. (Schlumberger Technology Corporation, USA). PCT Int. Appl. (2000), 69 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 0073285 A1 20001207 Designated States W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM. Designated States RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG. Patent written in English. Application: WO 2000-US12647 20000510. Priority: US 99-135970 19990526; US 2000-476947 20000103. CAN 134:44161 AN 2000:861664 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
WO 2000073285 A1 20001207 WO 2000-US12647 20000510
W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM
RW: GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZW, AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG
US 6214988 B1 20010410 US 1999-476947 19990103
US 6201117 B1 20010313 US 2000-476699 20000103
US 6265573 B1 20010724 US 2000-477052 20000103

Priority Application Information
US 1999-135970P 19990526
US 2000-476947 20000103

Abstract

An HMX-based explosive or energetic material is prepd. from a-HMX particles, which have internal void spaces, and sorbing one or more second energetic materials into the void spaces with the assistance of an applied vacuum. The second energetic material (which can be a fuel or a second explosive) is first dissolved in a suitable solvent and then is drawn into the voids or adsorbed on the HMX surface by the vacuum. Suitable second materials include an explosive (e.g., b-HMX, RDX, TNT, or ammonium nitrate) or a fuel (e.g., Al, LiH, or LiAlH4). Synthetic methods for manuf. of HMX from hexamethylenetetramine were also described.

Bibliographic Information

Fluidized or circulating agglomeration in granulation of HMX for preparation of HMX-based explosives. Lukasavage, William J.; Brock, Karri A.; Behrmann, Lawrence A.; Voreck, Wallace E. (Schlumberger Technology Corporation, USA). PCT Int. Appl. (2000), 71 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 0073246 A1 20001207 Designated States W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM. Designated States RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG. Patent written in English. Application: WO 2000-US12683 20000510. Priority: US 99-135970 19990526; US 2000-476894 20000103. CAN 134:44160 AN 2000:861631 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
WO 2000073246 A1 20001207 WO 2000-US12683 20000510
W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM
RW: GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZW, AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG
US 6214988 B1 20010410 US 1999-476947 19990103
US 6201117 B1 20010313 US 2000-476699 20000103
US 6265573 B1 20010724 US 2000-477052 20000103

Priority Application Information
US 1999-135970P 19990526
US 2000-476894 20000103

Abstract

Granulation of a-HMX particles with a certain particle size distribution is carried out by fluidizing and accelerating the particles to impact against a curved surface using a rotating impeller or a circulating gas stream, optionally in the presence of a small amt. of org. solvent, until the particles agglomerate to form granules. The a-HMX particles can be coated with one or more of a second material, such as energetic materials (e.g., b-HMX, RDX, TNT, or ammonium nitrate) or fuels (e.g., Al, LiH, or LiAlH4). If one of the second materials is a polymerizable monomer, the process further includes an in-situ polymn., either before or after the granule is formed, as a means for forming a structural support to enhance the mech. stability of the granules.

Bibliographic Information

Impregnation and coating of HMX fibers with additional energetic materials and polymer structural supports. Lukasavage, William J.; Behrmann, Lawrence A.; Voreck, Wallace E. (Schlumberger Technology Corporation, USA). PCT Int. Appl. (2000), 70 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 0073245 A2 20001207 Designated States W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM. Designated States RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG. Patent written in English. Application: WO 2000-US12682 20000510. Priority: US 99-135970 19990526; US 2000-476270 20000103. CAN 134:44159 AN 2000:861630 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
WO 2000073245 A2 20001207 WO 2000-US12682 20000510
W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM
RW: GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZW, AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG
US 6214988 B1 20010410 US 1999-476947 19990103
US 6201117 B1 20010313 US 2000-476699 20000103
US 6265573 B1 20010724 US 2000-477052 20000103

Priority Application Information
US 1999-135970P 19990526
US 2000-476270 20000103

Abstract

An HMX-based explosive or energetic material is prepd. from a-HMX fibers of aspect ratio greater than 50:1, which have internal void spaces, and sorbing or coating one or more of a second energetic material into the void spaces. In addn., polymerizable monomers can be sorbed into the a-HMX fibers, which are then polymd. in-situ to form a structural network to strengthen the composite. The second energetic material (which can be a fuel or a second explosive) is first dissolved in a suitable solvent and then is drawn into the voids or adsorbed onto the HMX surface. Suitable second energetic materials include an explosive (e.g., b-HMX, RDX, TNT, or ammonium nitrate) or a fuel (e.g., Al, LiH, or LiAlH4). Suitable monomers for in-situ polymn. include e-caprolactam or a mixt. of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Synthetic methods for manuf. of HMX from hexamethylenetetramine were also described.

Bibliographic Information

Crystallization of explosives and high-energy oxidizers in presence of ultrasound. Veltmans, Wilhelmina H. m.; Wierckx, Franciscus J. m. (Aerospace Propulsion Products B.V., Neth.). Eur. Pat. Appl. (2000), 13 pp. CODEN: EPXXDW EP 1033357 A1 20000906 Designated States R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO. Patent written in English. Application: EP 99-200592 19990302. CAN 133:195590 AN 2000:626476 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
EP 1033357 A1 20000906 EP 1999-200592 19990302
R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO
NO 2000001017 A 20000904 NO 2000-1017 20000229

Priority Application Information
EP 1999-200592 19990302

Abstract

Cryst. energetic materials with improved stability and/or decreased sensitivity are prepd. by crystn. with stirring at 15-75° in the presence of ultrasound with frequency 10-100 kHz and amplitudes of 0.4-10 m. The energetic materials that can be prepd. in this manner are explosives and high-energy oxidizers, esp. hydrazinium nitroformate, CL-20, ADN, AP, RDX, HMX, and PETN.

Bibliographic Information

Application of solid-phase microextraction to the recovery of explosives and ignitable liquid residues from forensic specimens. Furton, K. G.; Almirall, J. R.; Bi, M.; Wang, J.; Wu, L. Department of Chemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. Journal of Chromatography, A (2000), 885(1+2), 419-432. CODEN: JCRAEY ISSN: 0021-9673. Journal written in English. CAN 133:203913 AN 2000:436513 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Solid-phase microextn. (SPME) was applied to the anal. of ignitable liqs. and explosive residues and the relative effects of controllable variables were studied. Variables discussed include fiber chem., adsorption and desorption temps., extn. and desorption times, fiber sampling placement (direct, headspace, and partial headspace) and matrix effects, including water content. SPME is shown to be an inexpensive, rapid and sensitive method for the anal. of ignitable liqs. and high explosives residues from solid debris samples and from aq. samples. Explosives are readily detected at parts per trillion concns. and ignitable liqs. are reproducibly detected at levels below those using conventional methods.

Bibliographic Information

Recovering nitroamines from energetic pyrotechnic materials and reformulation of by-products. Phillips, Randall S.; Cain, Andrew W.; Schilling, Thomas J.; Miks, Michael W. (TPL, Inc., USA). U.S. (2000), 5 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 6063960 A 20000516 Patent written in English. Application: US 98-212050 19981215. Priority: US 97-69492 19971215. CAN 132:323300 AN 2000:323256 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 6063960 A 20000516 US 1998-212050 19981215

Priority Application Information
US 1997-69492P 19971215

Abstract

A method for recovering nitroamines from energetic pyrotechnic materials yielding usable byproducts and no waste comprises solubilizing an energetic pyrotechnic material (such as surplus energetic material plastic binder) in a nitric acid soln., (b) removing an effluent from the soln. to leave a nitroamine (such as cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine), (c) neutralizing the effluent with a base, (d) removing liq. content from the effluent to yield a compd. salt, (e) rinsing the nitroamine and (f) desensitizing the nitroamine.

Bibliographic Information

Preparation of ultra-fine explosive HMX and RDX using high-speed impinging streams. Zhang, Xiaoning; Xu, Gengguang; Wang, Tingzeng. Department of Engineeing Safty, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China. Beijing Ligong Daxue Xuebao (1999), 19(5), 646-650. CODEN: BLXUEV ISSN: 1001-0645. Journal written in Chinese. CAN 132:51962 AN 1999:815237 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A method for prepg. ultra-fine HMX and RDX and their technol. factors affecting the prepn. are described. High-speed impinging streams of suspending liq. were used. The particles of HMX and RDX can be crushed into sub-micron effectively by high-speed impinging streams method. The effective particle diam. is 612.2 nm and the particle size distribution is 236.5.apprx.1286.0 nm. The pressures and times of processing are the main factors that affect the particle sizes and particle size distribution. The most important factor affecting the degree of crush is the pressure. The times of processing affect the mean particle diam. and the particle size distribution, not the crushing lower limit.

Bibliographic Information

Method for the recovery of secondary explosives from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-containing explosive compositions. Spencer, Arthur F.; Hartline, David F. (United States Dept. of the Air Force, USA). U.S. (1999), 4 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 5977354 A 19991102 Patent written in English. Application: US 98-211491 19981215. CAN 131:288483 AN 1999:705051 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 5977354 A 19991102 US 1998-211491 19981215

Abstract

Secondary explosive materials, particularly nitramines, are recovered from an explosive compn. contg. a mixt. of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (I) and at least one secondary explosive(s) by heating the explosive compn. to melt the I (preferably using steam), sep. collecting and recovering the melted I, treating the sepd. secondary explosive (e.g., octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine; i.e., HMX) with a material which is a solvent for I and a nonsolvent for the secondary explosive (e.g., toluene) to dissolve the TNT, removing the nonsolvent from the secondary explosive, and recovering the secondary explosive.

Bibliographic Information

Preparation of ultra-fine nitroamine explosives by using high-speed impinging stream. Zhang, Xiao-Ning; Xu, Geng-Guang; Wang, Ting-Zeng. Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China. Hanneng Cailiao (1999), 7(3), 97-99,102. CODEN: HACAFQ ISSN: 1006-9941. Journal written in Chinese. CAN 131:339045 AN 1999:689401 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The sub-micron ultra-fine particles of nitroamine explosives (HMX and RDX) were prepd. by using high-speed impinging stream. The fundamental principle and characteristic of this method were analyzed. The granularity and shape of the ultra-fine explosive particles obtained were tested with laser-sedimentograph and scanning electronic microscope.

Bibliographic Information

Crystallization and characterization of energetic materials. Van der Heijden, A. E. D. M. TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Research Group Pyrotechnics and Energetic Materials, Rijswijk, Neth. Current Topics in Crystal Growth Research (1998), 4 99-114. CODEN: CTCRFJ Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 131:259565 AN 1999:646019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A review, with 85 refs., of the general aspects of crystn. of energetic materials, esp. explosives and oxidizers, driven by the need to develop less-sensitive materials. Topics discussed include soly., nucleation and crystal growth mechanisms, layer growth, rough growth, crystn. techniques (e.g., melt, cooling, evaporative, pptn., drowning out, supercrit., and quasi-emulsion crystn.), prediction of crystal shape, plastic explosives, formation of inclusions and dislocations, examples of crystn. of energetic materials, polymorphism, crystal size distribution, particle shape, crystal perfection, purity, thermal stability, and hazard properties of crystd. explosives. Compds. discussed include ammonium nitrate, TNT, RDX, HMX, hydrazinium nitroformate, hexanitrostilbene, HNIW, and NTO.

Bibliographic Information

Studies on octogen preparation by a continuous method. Glanowska, Ewa; Ziolko, Mieczyslaw; Matys, Zygmunt. Inst. Przem. Org., Warsaw, Pol. Organika (1999), Volume Date 1997-1998, (Pt. 1), 21-26. CODEN: ORGAD2 ISSN: 0137-9933. Journal written in Polish. CAN 131:339028 AN 1999:595872 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A continuous method of obtaining octogen (HMX) was developed by nitrolysis of urotropin in acetic acid contg. ammonium nitrate, nitric acid, acetic anhydride, and trioxane. A 75% yield of product contg. 98% octogen was attained.

Bibliographic Information

Recovery of acetic acid from spent liquor of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine plant. Rajopadhye, M. V.; Hima, P. R.; Syal, R. K. Materials Research Laboratory, Pune, India. Chemical Engineering World (1999), 34(5), 81-86. CODEN: CEWOF5 Journal written in English. CAN 131:189044 AN 1999:520590 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A technol. for wastewater treatment and recovery of acetic acid from the effluent of the explosive cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) plant was developed. At pH 2.8, HNO3, present in the spent liquor, is completely neutralized. The dild. acetic acid is recovered (greater than 85%) in a single-stage distn. under reduced pressure. The residues contg. all impurities including the explosives RDX/HMX are sepd. by cooling and filtration. Diln. of the residues with water enhances the pptn. of the explosives. From the safety point of view and for efficient recovery, spent liquors with higher acid concn. must be dild. to acetic acid concns. of .apprx.25-30% by water addn. prior to distn. A pilot plant with a capacity of 2000 L/day effluent is in operation.

Bibliographic Information

Recycling of nitramines at Bofors Explosives AB. Sjoberg, Per. Bofors Explosives AB, Karlskoga, Swed. Editor(s): Johansson, Stig R. Proceedings of the International Disposal Conference, 1st, Lund, Swed., Nov. 12-13, 1997 (1999), Meeting Date 1997, 133-136. Publisher: Sektionen foer Detonik och Foerbraenning, Combustion Institute, Billdal, Swed CODEN: 67YNAC Conference written in English. CAN 131:161104 AN 1999:502652 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Bofors Explosives has reclaimed 50 tonnes of nitramines from destroyed ammunition. The process was developed and is patented by Bofors Explosives. All worked-up nitramines have been reused in com. applications where otherwise freshly synthesized nitramines would have been used. The work-up process produces nitramine which is pure and chem. and phys. indistinguishable from freshly synthesized ones. The operation could be scaled up considerably if the recycled nitramines are accepted by the military for use in new ammunition. The military require freshly synthesized nitramines.

Bibliographic Information

Study on preparation of ultrafine particle of explosive by high-speed impinging stream technology. Zhang, Xiaoning; Wang, Weimin; Xu, Gengguang. Department of Mechanical and Electronic Engineerig, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China. Huozhayao Xuebao (1999), 22(3), 1-3. CODEN: HUXUFP Journal written in Chinese. CAN 131:172278 AN 1999:464551 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The prepn. of sub-micron ultrafine particle of explosive by high-speed impinging stream technol. was studied. The particle sizes of ultrafine HMX and RDX were detd.

Bibliographic Information

Current status and prospect of HMX manufacture process. Wang, Wenjun; Zhang, Zhanquan. The 46th Institute of the Fourth Academy of CASC, Huhhot, Peop. Rep. China. Guti Huojian Jishu (1998), 21(4), 36-40. CODEN: GHJIFL ISSN: 1006-2793. Journal written in Chinese. CAN 130:225023 AN 1999:124960 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The HMX basic manuf. process -improved Backmann process (acetic-anhydride method) and its measures for process improvement are presented in brief. Some new methods such as the comprehensive process, DADN, TAT, and DANNO methods and smaller mol. synthetic method still in research and development are analyzed and compared. The problems of low prodn. rate, high cost and three wastes contamination during processing are also discussed.

Bibliographic Information

Missile system reclamation and recycling. Melvin, William S.; Freeman, Charles W.; Wright, Jeffrey S. U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center Propulsion and Structures Directorate, AMSAM-RD-PS-R, Redstone Arsenal, AL, USA. CPIA Publ. (1998), 674(Vol. 1, 1998 JANNAF Propellant Development & Characterization Subcommittee and Safety & Environmental Protection Subcommittee Joint Meeting, Vol. 1), 411-421. CODEN: CPPUDT ISSN: 0272-5118. Journal written in English. CAN 130:200413 AN 1999:80588 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

This report describes the implementation, testing, and evaluation of environmentally friendly procedures and processes for complete missile system demilitarization and recycling of recovered ingredients and hardware components. Redstone Arsenal facilities and AMCOM developed technologies to support these efforts. The vast majority of the Army missile systems are full up rounds. The demilitarization approach addresses the entire missile system. Loaded rocket motors and cases are considered a subset of the total missile system. Warheads, rocket motors, guidance and control packages, shipping containers, and launch tubes will all be recycled. In contrast to missile system destruction approaches, where neither products nor assocd. values are recovered, this Army initiative includes both military and com. market reuse options for deriving max. product values of reclaimed ingredients and components. The AMCOM liq. ammonia-based, ingredient extn. and reclamation process for rocket propellant recycling has been integrated into a Missile System Recycling Facility at Redstone Arsenal. This propellant reclamation technol. has successfully completed full scale, class 1.3 MLRS and class 1.1 Hellfire rocket motor recycling demonstrations. The fully operational AMCOM pilot plant validated the closed-loop reclamation process by efficiently extg. and recovering 100% of the ammonium perchlorate (AP) and aluminum/binder from the MLRS propellant. This pilot facility fully achieved its design requirements. Test demonstrations confirmed the operational capability to process greater than 200 lb of AP composite propellant from a full scale MLRS rocket motor in a single batch. Pilot demonstrations have validated its operational capability by the processing of 100 lb batches of nitrate ester plasticized, HMX/RDX nitramine propellant from Hellfire rocket motors. Complete missile system recycling demonstrations using 60 TOW missiles are in progress. Pilot demonstration efforts have confirmed that strategically valuable fuel and oxidizer ingredients (such as HMX, RDX, AP, aluminum/rubber binder) can be safely and efficiently recovered from Army tactical rocket motors. The AMCOM missile system recycling technol. is directly applicable to the vast majority of rocket motors in the Army, other DoD, and foreign missile inventories. With emphasis on reclamation instead of destruction, the liq. ammonia process is a near-optimal soln. for environmentally sound rocket motor disposition.

Bibliographic Information

Nitrations with N2O5 and anhydrous HNO3 in liquid carbon dioxide. Nauflett, G. W.; Farncomb, R. E. Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head, MD, USA. CPIA Publ. (1998), 674(Vol. 1, 1998 JANNAF Propellant Development & Characterization Subcommittee and Safety & Environmental Protection Subcommittee Joint Meeting, Vol. 1), 11-23. CODEN: CPPUDT ISSN: 0272-5118. Journal written in English. CAN 130:211420 AN 1999:80555 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Liq. carbon dioxide (L-CO2) was used to replace methylene chloride as the solvent in nitrations with dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) and anhyd. nitric acid. This new L-CO2 nitration procedures overcame many of the drawbacks of conventional mixed acid (HNO3/H2SO4) media when dealing with sensitive substrates. Both N2O5 and anhyd. nitric acid are sol. in L-CO2, which is a major advantage because they can be added directly into the substrate being nitrated. The N2O5 was dissolved in L-CO2, cooled, and added to L-CO2 contg. the materials to be nitrated. NSWC's Green Chem. program requires prepn. of energetic materials contg. C-nitro, N-nitro, and O-nitro moieties using L-CO2 as the processing solvent.

Bibliographic Information

Manufacture of spherical HMX for high-loading density propellants. Gao, Yanyang; Ye, Yupeng. North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, Peop. Rep. China. Huozhayao Xuebao (1998), 21(4), 14-15. CODEN: HUXUFP Journal written in Chinese. CAN 129:345078 AN 1998:718477 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A process of producing four grades of spherical HMX was studied. The spherical HMX products were prepd. in HNO3 soln. based on Jackson's boundary theory. The particle size distribution of products agreed with the American Military Std., and the acidity was less than 0.2% (HOAc).

Bibliographic Information

Recovery/reuse of energetics from military munitions. Burch, Dan; Griggs, John; Johnson, Mike; Sims, Keith. Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division (Code 4073), Crane, IN, USA. Proc. Int. Pyrotech. Semin. (1998), 24th 101-112. CODEN: PPYSD7 ISSN: 0270-1898. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 129:278152 AN 1998:574325 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A review, with 8 refs., of methods for recovery and reuse of propellants and explosives from military munitions. Disassembly technol. using an abrasive waterjet was developed by the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) which can cut through projectiles and other munition items. Testing was performed using an abrasive slurry waterjet to cut the tracers and fuses off of Navy 40mm projectiles in order to reclaim the TNT. In addn., UMR has developed high-pressure water technol. to remove explosives and high-energy propellants from projectiles, warheads, and rocket motors. Other removal technologies being explored are microwave melt out and induction heating. Several projects are underway to process the reclaimed explosive from the waterjet washout process and other removal processes. This includes the mech. reprocessing of the PBXN-106 into two sep. explosive products, a dimensional stone mining explosive, boosters for insensitive blasting agents, high-purity HMX from reclaimed LX-14 and Trident I rocket motor formulations, and RDX from PBXN-106 and Compn. A3. Possible com. products manufd. from recovered military explosives included sporting powder, oil-gas well perforation charges, and fertilizer from reclaimed nitrocellulose-based gun propellants. Other projects currently being explored at the lab/bench scale include catalytic hydrotreating technol. to convert Explosive D (ammonium picrate) contained in Navy projectile to higher value products and the recovery of magnesium from illumination and decoy flares for reuse in the military or for com. applications.

Bibliographic Information

Improvements in NTO based PBXs. Becuwe, Alain; Delclos, Alain; Donzel, Georges; Golfier, Martine. Centre Recherches Bouchet, Vert-le-Petit, Fr. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1998), 29th(Energetic Materials), 95.1-95.5. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in English. CAN 129:138142 AN 1998:498872 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Performance, failure diam., and ignition quality of a NTO-based, plastic-bonded explosive for insensitive ammunitions were improved by using a classical energetic binder, i.e. inert polymer with a large amt. of energetic plasticizer (non specified). The performance was further increased by partial replacement of NTO by HMX. The most efficient compn. that still meets the requirements to extremely insensitive detonating substances consists of NTO 50, HMX 25, and binder 25%. Detonation velocities, results of fast and slow cook-off, of bullet impact test, of large-scale gap test, and of heavy fragment impact are summarized in tables.

Bibliographic Information

Properties of CL-20 based high explosives. Bircher, H. R.; Maeder, P.; Mathieu, J. Fachabteilung Waffensysteme Munition, GR Gruppe Ruestung, Thun, Switz. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1998), 29th(Energetic Materials), 94.1-94.14. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in German. CAN 129:138141 AN 1998:498871 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A new processing technol. called "isogen pressing" which combines the advantages of high energetic filler content of pressed formulations with good mech. properties is described. HMX- and CL-20-based formulations and the binder systems glycidyl azido polymer (GAP) and HTPB were used. The equipment is a conventional press and an adapted pressing tool. Handling safety parameters are compared with other CL-20- and HMX-based compns. such as LX-19. Chem. compatibility and thermal stability were investigated. Detonation velocities were calcd. and verified with exptl. data.

Bibliographic Information

Recrystallization of HMX with compressed gases as anti-solvent. Foerter-Barth, U.; Teipel, U.; Krause, H. Fraunhofer Institut Chemische Technologie, Pfinztal, Germany. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1998), 29th(Energetic Materials), 67.1-67.10. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in English. CAN 129:110963 AN 1998:498851 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A ternary system consisting of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (octogen, HMX) as the solute, acetone or g-butyrolactone as solvents, and CO2 as the anti-solvent was used to investigate the formation of fine particles with the gas anti-solvent-(GAS)-process as well as the influence of the solvents upon the particle morphol. under the same operating conditions. The pptd. particles were examd. by IR , laser diffraction, and optical microscopy. The results show that HMX with a narrow particle size distribution was obtained. The crystals are of the same modification as the raw material and of high purity. The modification and the particle size are influenced by the solvent used for the recrystn.

Bibliographic Information

Production of HMX crystals with high internal quality by cooling crystallization. Kroeber, H.; Teipel, U.; Leisinger, K.; Krause, H. Fraunhofer Institut Chemische Technologie, Pfinztal, Germany. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1998), 29th(Energetic Materials), 66.1-66.18. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in German. CAN 129:138139 AN 1998:498850 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The crystn. of HMX from solns. by cooling was studied as to the prodn. of crystals with little defects and explosives of low vulnerability. Influences of solvents, stirrer design and speed, and cooling rate were studied. Vulnerability was tested using hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene-bonded formulations. Samples obtained by crystn. from propylene carbonate showed the desired crystal shape, size, purity, and surface properties and essentially decreased vulnerability. Other solvents tested were cyclohexanone, DMF, and N-methylpyrrolidone. A relationship between particle d. and vulnerability was found.

Bibliographic Information

Nitrolysis of TAT and DADN with N2O5/HNO3. Formation of a-HMX. Bellamy, Anthony J.; Lagerkvist, Per. Dep. Environmental Ordnance Systems, Cranfield Univ., Shrivenham, UK. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1998), 29th(Energetic Materials), 8.1-8.10. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in English. CAN 129:124494 AN 1998:498799 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The nitrolysis of both TAT and DADN was investigated using N2O5/HNO3. Pure a-HMX is only formed from TAT if some product, shown to be a-HMX, separates from the reaction mixt. before quenching in water. If the reaction conditions are such that no product separates before quenching, even though nitrolysis is complete, then g-HMX and a-HMX, can be formed. In the case of DADN nitrolysis, pure a-HMX is only formed if some product separates before quenching and the reaction mixt. contains more than a crit. amt. of acetyl nitrate. If product separates before quenching but insufficient acetyl nitrate is present, then the product isolated can be mixts. of a-, b- and g-HMX. The yield of HMX from DADN was consistently higher than that from TAT. The isolated a-HMX was somewhat less impact sensitive than a-HMX formed by recrystn., but significantly more impact sensitive than b-HMX.

Bibliographic Information

Development of high performance CL-20 explosive formulations. Braithwaite, P. C.; Hatch, R. L.; Lee, K.; Wardle, R. B. Thiokol Propulsion, Brigham City, UT, USA. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1998), 29th(Energetic Materials), 4.1-4.7. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in English. CAN 129:124493 AN 1998:498795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Improved manufg. and characterization of high energy ingredients including TNAZ and CL-20 for prodn. of explosives are described. The importance of particle size distribution, particle shapes, and d. distribution for quality and safety is outlined. Theor. performance values of different high solids CL-20 explosives were calcd. and compared with those of HMX explosives. Manufg. processes for explosives using CL-20 are the same as for RDX and HMX. Safety data for CL-20 explosives are presented and compared to those of other explosives.

Bibliographic Information

Synthesis of 14C-labeled octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Huang, Chi-Yu; Mah, Robert A.; Hee, Shane S. Que. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. (1998), 41(5), 377-385. CODEN: JLCRD4 ISSN: 0362-4803. Journal written in English. CAN 129:95482 AN 1998:331275 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The 14C-uniformly labeled (UL) explosive, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) was synthesized in 40% yield by nitrolysis of 14C-labeled hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine) in the presence of boron trifluoride di-Et etherate as catalyst. The labeled hexamine was synthesized in 77% yield from 14C-labeled formaldehyde and ammonium hydroxide. The specific activity of 14C-labeled HMX was 0.24 mCi/mmol, a total of 58 mCi was prepd. The radiochem. purity of the labeled substance was 95% by HPLC-Liq. scintillation counting and 98% by HPLC-UV at 232 nm.

Bibliographic Information

Recovery and reuse of rocket propellants. Melvin, William S.; Starling, Jarel P. U.S. Army Missile Command, Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Propulsion Directorate, Redstone Arsenal, AL, USA. NASA Conf. Publ. (1997), 3349(Second Aerospace Environmental Technology Conference, 1996), 193-201. CODEN: NACPDX ISSN: 0191-7811. Journal written in English. CAN 128:296643 AN 1998:300290 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

An ongoing process development effort by the U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) to support environmentally safe rocket motor demilitarization demonstrations was discussed. This process is used to recover oxidizer and fuel ingredients from tactical and strategic class 1.1 and 1.3 solid propellants for recycle/reuse. The closed-loop demilitarization method uses liq. anhyd. ammonia as the processing solvent for ingredient extn. and recovery. A pilot-plant facility was designed and constructed in Magna, Utah, to demonstrate this technol. using Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and Chaparral tactical solid rocket motors. In July 1996, the pilot plant successfully completed full-scale MLRS propellant testing in a batch process mode at rates approaching 90 kg/h. Process descriptions of the integrated Class 1.1/1.3 rocket motor demilitarization system involving propellant removal, ingredient extn., binder sepn., oxidizer recovery, and solvent regeneration were provided. Test results demonstrating the ability of energetic products recovered by this process to be recycled into other products, and future work plans in support of this program also, were included.

Bibliographic Information

Value added products from reclamation of military munitions. Burch, D.; Johnson, M.; Sims, K. Crane Division (Code 4073), Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane, IN, USA. Waste Management (Oxford) (1998), Volume Date 1997, 17(2/3), 159-163. CODEN: WAMAE2 ISSN: 0956-053X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:219168 AN 1998:219156 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The Department of Defense has a backlog of excess, obsolete and unserviceable munitions for disposal. For many of these munition items the only method of disposal is open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) which destroys valuable resources which can be reclaimed and converted to useful products. The Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (NAVSURFWARCENDIV Crane) in support of the Navy's Ordnance Reclamation Program and the Joint Service Large Rocket Motor Disposal Program has been developing technol. for the removal and reclamation of the energetics from munitions. The University of Missouri-Rolla has demonstrated the use of high pressure waterjet technol. for removal of PBX explosives from projectiles and warheads. Development work is nearing completion for demonstrating the capability to remove Class 1.1 propellant from strategic rocket motors using high pressure waterjets. Current projects are under way focusing on resource recovery and recycling (R3) of the reclaimed energetics while minimizing disposal. The current reclamation projects include reformulation of the explosives and Class 1.1 propellants into com. blasting agents, reuse of Navy gun propellant for various applications including agriculture and oil-gas well stimulation. Other projects include the recovery of RDX/HMX from Class 1.1 explosives and propellants and the conversion of Explosive D into higher value products. Lab/bench scale testing has been completed on many of these processes, and for some pilot scale demonstrations have been or are scheduled to be completed during 1997.

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Solubility and phase behavior of PEP binders in supercritical carbon dioxide. Dinoia, Todd P.; Mchugh, Mark A.; Cocchiaro, James E.; Morris, Jeffrey B. Department of Chemical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Waste Management (Oxford) (1998), Volume Date 1997, 17(2/3), 151-158. CODEN: WAMAE2 ISSN: 0956-053X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:232440 AN 1998:219155 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Soly. and phase behavior data up to 300° and pressures to 3000 bars were presented for various propellant, explosive, and pyrotechnic (PEP) binder polymers in supercrit. CO2 with and without modifiers. The binder polymers investigated were polyethylene (PE), oxidized PE, poly(urethane), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) with .apprx.20 mol% hexafluoropropylene (Fluorel and Viton), and poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-co-vinylidene fluoride) with 24 mol% (Kel-F 800) and 69 mol% (Kel-F 3700) vinylidene fluoride. CO2 has the characteristics of a weak polar solvent which does not dissolve polyethylene although it is can dissolve low-mol.-wt. nonpolar waxes. However, CO2 is not polar enough to dissolve very polar polymers, such as oxidized PE, polyurethane, Kel-F 3700, and CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate). Moderately polar poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and Kel-F 800 are sol. in CO2. The soly. of these two copolymers can be further enhanced using acetone as a modifier with CO2. Addnl., oxidized PE is sol. in CO2 with acetone and ethanol as modifiers, but temps. .gtorsim.200° are needed. The fact that many of these polymers are sol. in neat CO2 suggests the potential for a substantial impact upon environmentally sound processing technologies for polymer-based PEP materials.

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Preparation of solid acid SO42-/Ti-La-O and investigation of its activities as nitration catalyst. Li, Chen; Ding, Laixin; Bao, Xunxiang. School of Chemical Engineering, NUST, Nanjing, Peop. Rep. China. Editor(s): Feng, Changgen; Ou, Yuxiang; Zeng, Qingxuan. Theory Pract. Energ. Mater., [Proc. Int. Autumn Semin. Propellants, Explos. Pyrotech.], 2nd (1997), 17-20. Publisher: Publishing House of Ordnance Industry, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China CODEN: 65OYAF Conference written in English. CAN 128:142778 AN 1998:84544 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Sulfated La Ti oxide (SO42-/Ti-La-O) was prepd. and evaluated as a catalyst for the model nitration of 3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane to b-HMX at 25° in the presence of HNO3 and NH4NO3. The effect of calcination temp. and surface structure of the catalyst on catalytic activity was studied. XRD spectra of catalyst revealed that the catalyst SO42-/Ti-La-O is amorphous at calcination temp. 400-450°. The state of atoms is not fully identical with a single oxide; the polarity of metal atoms was increased and the oxidn. value of sulfur in surface of the oxide was six. FT-IR indicated that SO42- is combined with metal ions of catalysis in the bidentate state; the Bronsted acid site and Lewis acid site co-exist on the catalyst surface; and the acid strength and catalytic activities were increased greatly by the Lewis acid and Bronsted acid in combination.

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Demilitarization facility for the environmental and acquisition life cycle analysis of explosives and munitions systems. Jeffers, Scott R.; Corley, John. Energetic Materials Branch (WL/MNME), Eglin AFB, FL, USA. Proceedings - International Symposium on Energetic Materials Technology, Phoenix, 1995 (1995), 337-341. Publisher: American Defense Preparedness Association, Arlington, Va CODEN: 65NDAF Conference written in English. CAN 128:117024 AN 1998:63032 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

As part of an environmental life-cycle anal. of the munitions design, manuf., and disposal, an aggressive pilot-scale demilitarization program was developed to recover, recycle, reuse, or dispose of explosives and munitions. Technologies developed at the facility will transition to industry or government agencies tasked to execute demil of prodn. weapons systems. The concurrent development of advanced energetic materials for munitions applications and recovery/treatment/disposal technologies for these materials was essential if they are to be incorporated into inventory systems. The technologies used in this program are: (1) high-pressure water washout for removal of the bulk explosive from the munition containers, (2) high-pressure water maceration for size redn. of bulk material for further processing and for the recovery of water-sol. materials, (3) hydrolysis to remove remaining explosive residues from the sides of the munition allowing for container recovery and reuse, (4) molten salt destruction for an environmentally compatible way to completely destroy and dispose of the unrecoverable materials, (5) and non-thermal discharge plasma processing as a supplement to molten salt destruction for controlling any acid gas formation.

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Hazards analysis of an integral Class 1.1/1.3 rocket motor demilitarization and ingredient recovery system using ammonia. Stevens, P. M.; Reed, M. H.; Losee, L. A.; Graul, E. R.; Mitchell, D. H. Global Environmental Solutions (Alliant Techsystems), Magna, UT, USA. Proc. - Int. Symp. Energ. Mater. Technol. (1995), 326-336. Publisher: American Defense Preparedness Association, Arlington, Va CODEN: 65NDAF Conference written in English. CAN 128:117007 AN 1998:63027 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Research efforts conducted at the bench-scale have demonstrated the U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) near-crit. fluid technol. (using liq. anhyd. NH3) as a viable method of demilitarizing solid rocket motors for recovery of waste rocket propellants. This method was used to recover valuable ingredients, such as HMX, RDX, ammonium perchlorate, and aluminum/binder crumb from tactical and strategic Class 1.1 and 1.3 solid propellants. Ongoing hazards anal. efforts were reported. Hazards anal. testing has characterized the sensitivity of propellants, process streams, and extd. materials. Hazards anal. techniques, such as logic diagrams, and failure modes and effects anal., have identified credible hazards in the equipment design and pilot plant operations. These potential hazards were tracked by a closed loop system and were mitigated by design features or operating controls. Major hazards identified included: (1) shock initiation of ammonium perchlorate-ammonia solns. and undissolved BTTN, (2) ammonia jet impingement heating, (3) reaction of NH3 with nitroglycerin in Class 1.1 propellants, (4) spills and leaks of ammonia with hazard to operators, (5) instability of byproduct ammonium nitrite, (6) oxygen depletion by N2 displacement, (7) startup-shutdown-sampling-maintenance operation, and (8) abnormal situations and contingency plans.

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Staged process for composite propellants. Recovery of energetic and metallic fuel. Shiu, Frank J. Y.; Yang, Iris C. Y.; Yen, Teh Fu. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Energy Sources (1997), 19(8), 833-843. CODEN: EGYSAO ISSN: 0090-8312. Journal written in English. CAN 127:320527 AN 1997:677715 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A process was developed to recover inorg. solids (energetics and metallic fuel) from obsolete polyurethane-based composite propellants as an alternative to long-term disposal. A simulated composite propellant, contg. 14.4% hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene-IPDI polyurethane matrix, NaCl (35.1%) and (NH4)2SO4 (18.7%) (for simulation of NH4ClO4 and HMX), and powd. Al (31.3%), was subjected to staged decompn. The matrix was first subjected to solvent swelling followed by centrifugal or mech. fragmentation of the loosened three-dimensional polymer structure, from which inorg. salts can be recovered. The aluminum powder can be recovered from the remaining matrix by ultrasound-induced degrdn. in the presence of a free-radical initiator. This results in recovery of the metallic fuel. Finally, the matrix can be microbially degraded (e.g., prior to environmental disposal) with selected fungi (e.g., A. niger or C globosum) to simple phenolic compds. Preliminary results with the simulated propellant gave recoveries of greater than 90% of the inorg. salt (simulating HMX and NH4ClO4) and greater than 80% of the powd. Al.

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Synthesis of 2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6-triazacyclohexanone (keto-RDX) from DPT and PHX. Zhang, Yuejun; Xie, Chunping. School Chem. Engineering, Nanjing Univ. Sci. & Technology, Nanjing, Peop. Rep. China. Proc. China-Jpn. Semin. Energ. Mater., Saf. Environ. (1996), 63-69. Publisher: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Peop. Rep. China CODEN: 64ZUAH Conference written in English. CAN 127:250216 AN 1997:588757 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A method was given for synthesis of 2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6-triazacyclohexanone (Keto-RDX) from 1,5-methylene-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclononane (I) [DPT], and urea (or nitrourea) in several kinds of nitrating reagents. Primary investigations were carried out for the reaction forms of nitrolysis fragments I and 1,7-diacetoxy-2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6-triazacycloheptane (II), and on the mechanism of forming byproduct. The nitrolysis fragments N,N-dihydroxymethylamines [RN(CH2OH)2, N is not NO2] that were not directly substituted by nitro groups condensed with urea or nitrourea to form keto-RDX, whereas N,N-dihydroxymethylnitroamine [O2NN(CH2OH)2] did not. Using I as a reactant, the yield of Keto-RDX was 69% (one mole keto-RDX per mol reactant); the byproducts were HMX, RDX, and smaller mol. fragments. Using II, no keto-RDX product and no cyclonitroamine byproducts were obtained.

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Insensitive hollow charges. Design, manufacturing processes, capability. Gagnaux, R.; Rickli, O.; Bircher, H. R.; Mathieu, J. Geschaftsbereich Hohlladungen Antriebe, Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung, Thun, Switz. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1997), 28th(Combustion and Detonation), 38.1-38.15. CODEN: IACIEQ ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in German. CAN 127:207725 AN 1997:522126 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The design, manufg., and the penetration of anti-tank shaped-charge performance were described. The replacement of the conventional casted Octol high-explosive with a plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) and the minor adaptation in the design resulted in a low vulnerability and slightly reduced penetration performance. A new warhead based on a in-service anti-tank shaped charge with a high-penetration performance was developed, full-filling the ambitious vulnerability criteria of MIL STD-2105B.

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Study on the crystal transformation of HMX with spent acetic acid. Ye, Ling; Ye, Yupeng. Beijing Inst. Technol., Peop. Rep. China. Binggong Xuebao, Huohuangong Fence (1997), 19(1), 62, 51. CODEN: BXHFFP ISSN: 1004-9193. Journal written in Chinese. CAN 126:279785 AN 1997:219414 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The crystal transformations of a-HMX in spent acetic acid was studied. After the crude HMX dissolves into the spent acid, the impurities were oxidized and removed. Using sequential heating and cooling, a-HMX converts to b-HMX successfully with less than 0.02% acid inclusion and a m.p. greater than 273°. The optimum condition for recrystn. were detd.

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Technological Improvement of HMX production. Cao, Duanlin; Chen, Shusen. North China Inst. of Technology, Taiyuan, Peop. Rep. China. Binggong Xuebao, Huohuangong Fence (1996), 18(2), 63-64. CODEN: BXHFFP ISSN: 1004-9193. Journal written in Chinese. CAN 125:225947 AN 1996:573614 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A process of producing HMX by the way of acetic anhydride has been improved in order to mainly raise the yield of HMX. The yield of HMX is about 70% by the expt. It has provided a solid base for reducing the costs of producing HMX.

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Preparation of HMX from DPT by using polyphosphoric acid. Xi, Meihong. Nanjing Univ. Sci. Technol., Nanjing, Peop. Rep. China. Hanneng Cailiao (1996), 4(2), 57-61. CODEN: HACAFQ ISSN: 1006-9941. Journal written in Chinese. CAN 125:172529 AN 1996:514718 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A new method is developed to prep. HMX by nitrolysis of DPT with nitrating agent HNO3-P2O5-NH4NO3. The content of HMX in HMX/RDX mixt. obtained from the nitrated products were detd. by means of Hitachi 635 type HPLC. The results indicate that the yield of HMX by this method is approaching to that from nitration with acetic anhydride. This is a valuable progress in HMX synthesis without using acetic anhydride.

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Manufacture of HMX with high yield using byproducts from DPT nitrolysis. Xi, Meihong; Deng, Ning. Nanjing Univ. Sci. and Technol., Nanjing, Peop. Rep. China. Editor(s): Yuxiang, Ou. Proc. Beijing Int. Symp. Pyrotech. Explos., 3rd (1995), 280-283. Publisher: China Ordnance Society, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China CODEN: 62RIAT Conference written in English. CAN 124:347528 AN 1996:285175 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

In the step-wise nitrolysis of DPT and hexamine (HA), the condensation of nitrolyzed segments of HA and linear nitramines produced in nitrolysis of DPT can increase in yield of HMX to 60% (counted by DPT) and yield of RDX to 75% (counted by HA). The presence of condensation is conformed in the nitrolysis of HA.

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Conformation of intermediate HOCH2NHNO2 from nitrolysis of hexamethylentetramine as possible precursor for RDX formation by NMR spectrometry study. Fang, Zhijie; Chen, Li; Wang, Shaofang; Chen, Ju; Li, Fuping. Institute Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Science and Technology, Nanjing, Peop. Rep. China. Editor(s): Yuxiang, Ou. Proc. Beijing Int. Symp. Pyrotech. Explos., 3rd (1995), 121-123. Publisher: China Ordnance Society, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China CODEN: 62RIAT Conference written in English. CAN 124:347522 AN 1996:285144 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

RDX manufd. from nitrolysis of hexamine together with methylenedinitramine (MDNA) in 90% nitric acid is reported. MDNA decompd. completely in 90% nitric acid, forming O(CH2ONO2)2, while in HNO3-NH4NO3 system the decompd. fragments of MDNA condensed into RDX. On the basis of the comparison of the exptl. results to the 1H NMR spectra obtained by following the decompn. reaction of MDNA with nitric acid, the intermediate, HOCH2NHNO2, was postulated as one of the possible precursors to RDX both in Hale and in K process.

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A recovery process for spent polyurethane-based propellants. Feasibility studies. Shiu, Frank J. Y.; Yang, Iris C. Y.; Yen, T. F.; Tzeng, Donald D. Environ. Civil Eng. Dep., Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. ACS Symp. Ser. (1995), 609(Plastics, Rubber, and Paper Recycling), 139-51. CODEN: ACSMC8 ISSN: 0097-6156. Journal written in English. CAN 124:60751 AN 1995:993938 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

An inert polyurethane-based propellant, as an inert model of a spent propellant, was first comminuted in various solvents as swelling media, and, after an appropriate solvent was selected, an ultrasound-induced cavitation decompn. was carried out, in the presence of a mild oxidant. This partially degraded the polymeric binder, resulting in the release and d. sepn. of inorg. and metallic constituents. The inert model propellant contained salts with densities similar to those of ammonium perchlorate or HMX. Chem. comminution and ultrasound treatment can recover .apprx.90% of the spent propellant; the lower-mol.-wt. polyurethane oligomers after degrdn. can be recovered or sent to microbiol. treatment for disposal.

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Study on HMX grain size classification by DMSO method. Cheng, Jingcai; Wu, Xiaoqing; Guo, Jianwen. Taiyuan Institute Machinery, Taiyuan, Peop. Rep. China. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1995), 26th(Pyrotechnics), 50/1-8. CODEN: IACIEQ Journal written in English. CAN 123:344956 AN 1995:866222 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Using DMSO as a crystn. solvent and water as the nonsolvent, the grain size of HMX was controlled such that the HMX crystd. under these conditions satisfied the American Field Data Class 6 grain size.

Bibliographic Information

Process and apparatus for producing ultrafine explosive particles. (du Pont de Nemours, E. I., and Co., USA). Israeli (1995), 24 pp. CODEN: ISXXAQ IL 100231 A1 19950124 Patent written in English. Application: IL 91-100231 19911203. CAN 123:117652 AN 1995:743038 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
IL 100231 A1 19950124 IL 1991-100231 19911203

Abstract

An app. for producing ultrafine explosive particles comprises (1) means for injecting a soln. of a crystallizable explosive compns. and a nonsolvent soln. for mixing with the explosive compn. soln., (2) nozzles being adapted for moving the explosive compn. and nonsolvent solns., (3) venturi means communicating with nozzle means, and (4) explosive particle collection means connected with venturi means. The app. further comprises an auxiliary inlet means coaxial with and surrounding the explosive compns. and the nonsolvent soln. inlet means. The nozzle means include first and second continuous orifices. The ultrafine granular explosives which when incorporated into a binder system have the ability to propagate in thin sheets and have very low impact and very high propagation sensitivities.

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Separation of RDX and HMX by recrystallization using supercritical fluids as anti-solvent. Gallagher, Paula M.; Krukonis, Val J.; Coffey, Michael P. (Phasex Corp., USA). U.S. (1995), 20 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 5389263 A 19950214 Patent written in English. Application: US 92-886603 19920520. CAN 122:269545 AN 1995:420719 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 5389263 A 19950214 US 1992-886603 19920520

Abstract

Materials that are ordinarily difficult-to-comminute such as a mixt. of RDX and HMX are sepd. by dissolving in a common liq. solvent to form a soln., adding to the soln. a supercrit. fluid to induce pptn. of one component of the components of the solid mixt. resulting in a pptd. component, and collecting the pptd. component. The process shows effective at sepg. HMX and RDX to obtain a ppt. of RDX which is essentially free of HMX.

Bibliographic Information

Development of high-effective processes in chemistry of explosives. Sakovitch, Gennady V.; Kaufman, Isaak G. "Altal" Industrial Corporation, Barnaul, Russia. Chem. Sustainable Dev. (1993), 1(2), 173-6. CODEN: CSUDEP ISSN: 0869-8546. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 122:59567 AN 1995:268314 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A review, with no refs., of industrial processes for manuf. of explosives, focusing on jet-injection reactors for nitration of alcs., centrifugal plate nitration reactor for manuf. of m-nitroacetophenone, and crystallizers for HMX. Processes for nitration of glycerin and cyclohexanol were discussed.

Bibliographic Information

Rapid near-IR measurements of explosives. Eisenreich, N.; Kull, H.; Hertz, J. Fraunhofer-Institut fur Chemische Technologie, Pfinztal, Germany. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT (1994), 25TH(ENERGETIC MATERIALS-ANALYSIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND TEST TECHNIQUES), 86/1-86/7. CODEN: IACIEQ Journal; General Review written in German. CAN 122:13139 AN 1995:192723 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A review, with 6 refs., of the use of rapid near-IR (NIR) spectroscopy for online evaluation of explosives (esp. during manuf. and processing). Topics discussed include rapid NIR spectrometry with acoustooptical filters and the NIR spectra of energetic materials. Spectra given were nitromethane, GAP, TAGN (triaminoguanidine nitrate), TNT, RDX, HMX, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium perchlorate.

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Process of making impact-insensitive explosive alpha-HMX. Lukasavage, William; Nicolich, Steven; Alster, Jack. (United States Dept. of the Navy, USA). U.S. (1993), 4 pp. Cont. of U.S. Ser. No. 175,407, abandoned. CODEN: USXXAM US 5268469 A 19931207 Patent written in English. Application: US 92-956811 19921002. Priority: US 91-775407 19911015. CAN 120:138736 AN 1994:138736 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 5268469 A 19931207 US 1992-956811 19921002

Priority Application Information
US 1991-775407 19911015

Abstract

Impact-insensitive a-HMX having 1-5mm particle distribution is manufd. by adding HMX contaminated with 1-aceto-3,5,7-trinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane to a HNO3 and P2O5 soln. at 22-45° for greater than 16h to form a paste, dispersing the paste in water, filtering, washing, and boiling at 100-102°. The insensitive impact is achieved without the addn. of any additives, and is attributed to the attainment of small particle size, whole crystals, narrow size distribution, and sample purity.

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On the use of AM1 and PM3 methods on energetic compounds. De Paz, Jose Luis G.; Ciller, Juan. Dep. I+D, Union Espanola Explosivos, Madrid, Spain. Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. (1993), 18(1), 33-40. CODEN: PEPYD5 ISSN: 0721-3115. Journal written in English. CAN 118:237100 AN 1993:237100 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Stewart's new semi-empirical method MNDO-PM3 (PM3) was compared with the well-known Dewar's AM1 method in the study of the heats of formation and dipole moments of nitro-substituted compds., esp. for some energetic materials. The PM3 method had better performance than the AM1 method. Adjacent lone pair-lone pair repulsions were better described at the PM3 level; the known systematic correction of .apprx.-9 kcal/mol for each C-NO2 group of the AM1 method became +3.5 kcal/mol at the PM3 level. PM3 results for N-NO2 contg. compds. were directly comparable to exptl. gas phase data.

Bibliographic Information

Process and apparatus for producing ultrafine explosives. McGowan, Michael James. (du Pont de Nemours, E. I., and Co., USA). PCT Int. Appl. (1993), 26 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 9304018 A1 19930304 Designated States W: CA, NO. Designated States RW: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LU, NL, SE. Patent written in English. Application: WO 91-US5900 19910827. CAN 118:172045 AN 1993:172045 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
WO 9304018 A1 19930304 WO 1991-US5900 19910827
W: CA, NO
RW: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LU, NL, SE
EP 600881 A1 19940615 EP 1991-916893 19910827
EP 600881 B1 19960424
R: CH, DE, FR, GB, LI
WO 9304019 A1 19930304 WO 1991-US6748 19910924
W: CS, SU

Priority Application Information
WO 1991-US5900 19910827

Abstract

The process comprises prepg. a stream of a soln. of the explosive dissolved in a solvent and a stream of an inert nonsolvent, injecting the two streams through concentric orifices of a nozzle into a mixing chamber by injecting nonsolvent stream through the central orifice and explosive stream through the outer orifice, converging the streams in a mixing zone under turbulent conditions to entrap the explosive compn. in droplets of nonsolvent and to rapidly ppt. the explosive compn. as spheroidal particles, and recovering the particles from the solvent and nonsolvent materials.

Bibliographic Information

Composite explosives and their manufacture. Rego Lopez, Jose Manuel; Renedo Arenas, Jose Antonio. (Union Espanola de Explosivos S.A., Spain). Eur. Pat. Appl. (1992), 11 pp. CODEN: EPXXDW EP 493638 A1 19920708 Designated States R: DE, ES, FR, GB, IT. Patent written in English. Application: EP 90-500130 19901231. CAN 117:134007 AN 1992:534007 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
EP 493638 A1 19920708 EP 1990-500130 19901231
R: DE, ES, FR, GB, IT

Abstract

The composite explosives comprise a mol. explosive, e.g., TNT, and oxidizer, e.g., NH4NO3 and are prepd. by injecting both molten phases through a static mixer. The final products show good rheol. properties and can be applicable as boosters for industrial use.

Bibliographic Information

Manufacture of high-purity HMX in high yield. Lukasavage, William; Nicolich, Steven; Alster, Jack. (United States Dept. of the Army, USA). U.S. (1992), 4 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 5124493 A 19920623 Patent written in English. Application: US 91-775402 19911015. CAN 117:93183 AN 1992:493183 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 5124493 A 19920623 US 1991-775402 19911015
ZA 9204594 A 19931223 ZA 1992-4594 19920623
AU 9219316 A1 19930422 AU 1992-19316 19920629
AU 651468 B2 19940721
JP 07041466 A2 19950210 JP 1992-176748 19920703
EP 547735 A1 19930623 EP 1992-306800 19920724
R: BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, IT, LI, SE

Priority Application Information
US 1991-775402 19911015

Abstract

The HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane) is prepd. by the nitrolysis of TAT (1,3,5,7-tetraacetyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane) with HNO3 and N2O5 or P2O5 at 20-45° for 4-16 h. The HNO3/TAT wt. ratio is (5-10):1 and the TAT/P2O5 mol ratio is less than 3. Due to the explosive product is greater than 99% pure, there are no recrystn. process necessary.

Bibliographic Information

Studies on HMX synthesis from paraformaldehyde and ammonium nitrate. Ren, Tesheng; Yan, Hong. Dep. Chem. Eng., Beijing Inst. Technol., Beijing, Peop. Rep. China. Proc. Int. Pyrotech. Semin. (1991), 17th(Vol. 1), 220-3. CODEN: PPYSD7 ISSN: 0270-1898. Journal written in English. CAN 116:154973 AN 1992:154973 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

An HMX-RDX mixt. was prepd. from the reaction of paraformaldehyde with NH4NO3 in Ac2O-AcOH. The HMX content of the mixt. approached ³30%. Adding Na2SO3 (1-2 wt. % of the nitrate amt.) raised the HMX content to 40%; the total yield of cyclonitramines amounted to 53.6%.

Bibliographic Information

Thermodynamic calculations of detonation parameters. Gubin, S. A.; Odintsov, V. V.; Pepekin, V. I. Moscow Phys. Eng. Inst., Moscow, USSR. Proc. Int. Pyrotech. Semin. (1991), 16th 325-35. CODEN: PPYSD7 ISSN: 0270-1898. Journal written in English. CAN 116:154963 AN 1992:154963 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Conditions favorable for diamond formation and preservation during detonation of C-rich high explosives, detd. by thermodn. calcns. of the carbon phase diagram at high pressures, were a high detonation pressure and a relatively low detonation pressure. Such conditions favor the preservation of diamond during adiabatic expansion of the detonation products. Based on these calcns., some high explosives that satisfied these conditions were TATB, DATB, and Tacot. The plots of detonation velocity vs. initial d. for C-rich explosives was not linear and had transition portions at which both condensed carbon phases coexisted.

Bibliographic Information

Manufacture of HMX explosive. Baryla, Stanislaw; Gerlotka, Leszek; Kurnatowski, Zygmunt. (Zaklady Tworzyw Sztucznych "Nitron-Erg", Pol.). Pol. (1991), 3 pp. CODEN: POXXA7 PL 152897 B1 19910228 Patent written in Polish. Application: PL 87-268950 19871120. CAN 115:283096 AN 1991:683096 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
PL 152897 B1 19910228 PL 1987-268950 19871120

Abstract

The HMX is produced by nitration of urotropin (I) in 3 stages. In the 1st stage, I is reacted with Ac2O and AcONH4. In the 2nd stage, the intermediate product is reacted with NHO3 and H2So4. In the 3rd stage, the product is reacted with NHO3 and P2O5. A typical yield and purity of HMX are 96.6% and 99% (99.9% after recrystn.), resp. HMX is a suitable explosive for military purposes and deep drilling of petroleum and natural gas.

Bibliographic Information

Manufacture of nitrocellulose microcapsules as sensitizer for oil-in-water or water-in-oil explosive emulsions. Lima Filho, Abelardo Vieira de Araujo; Lopes, Joao Egydio. (Vasconcelos, Maria Cristina, Brazil). Braz. Pedido PI (1991), 9 pp. CODEN: BPXXDX BR 9004405 A 19910115 Patent written in Portuguese. Application: BR 90-4405 19900831. CAN 115:74704 AN 1991:474704 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
BR 9004405 A 19910115 BR 1990-4405 19900831

Abstract

Nitrocellulose is dissolved in a water-immiscible solvent to give a thick lacquer; a stabilizer for the nitrocellulose, water, and a colloid are added with sufficient stirring to transform the lacquer into globules suspended in the aq. phase; an antistatic substance is added and gas injected or generated to be enveloped in the globules and simultaneously the solvent is extd. to give nitrocellulose microcapsules with occluded gases; and the microcapsules are filtered out, washed and dried. The nitrocellulose may be completely or partially replaced by cellulose and a nitro compd. added. Al2O3 may also be added. Microcapsules with d. 0.15 g/cm3 and diam. 10-70 mm were obtained by dissolving nitrocellulose and N in Et acetate and acetone, adding stabilizers, anti-static agents, and a colloid, adding water and stirring, distg. the solvent, filtering, washing, and drying. Addn. of the microcapsules to an emulsion matrix gave an explosive with greater detonation velocity, force, and energy than the same matrix with the same amt. of known types of gasifiers or microcapsules.

Bibliographic Information

Biological treatment of an explosives production wastewater. Burrows, W. Dickinson. U. S. Army Biomed. Res. Dev. Lab., Frederick, MD, USA. Hazard. Ind. Wastes (1990), 22nd 339-54. CODEN: HIWAEB ISSN: 1044-0631. Journal written in English. CAN 114:170455 AN 1991:170455 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The operation of a biol. wastewater treatment facility for waste streams from explosive prodn. at the Halston Army Ammunition Plant was evaluated from Jan. 1985 through August 1986. The facility is a conventional design, built to accommodate half the av. wastewater flow of 0.56 m3/s projected for full mobilization and now receiving an av. of 0.22 m3/s, or 80% of capacity, at 15% of mobilization. The activated sludge system has consistently achieved nearly complete removal of biodegradable orgs. using less than the available aeration capacity; and clarifiers, dual media filters, and sludge handling facilities have performed satisfactorily. The upflow, fixed-film anoxic filters are the least satisfactory part of the system. Designed to provide 95% NO3- removal, they have achieved £50% removal during a 20 mo observation period, and the filters are subject to frequent biomass plugging.

Bibliographic Information

Studies on octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) polymorphism. Achuthan, C. P.; Jose, C. I. Explos. Res. Dev. Lab., Pune, India. Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. (1990), 15(6), 271-5. CODEN: PEPYD5 ISSN: 0721-3115. Journal written in English. CAN 114:65321 AN 1991:65321 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Methods of prepn. of the different polymorphs of HMX are evaluated. IR and Raman spectra are used to differentiate the polymorphs and understand their conformational behavior. Possible conformation of the g form is suggested.

Bibliographic Information

Recovery of nitric acid and sulfuric acids in production of beta HMX. Levinthal, Michael L. (Thiokol Corp., USA). U.S. (1990), 9 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 4925936 A 19900515 Patent written in English. Application: US 89-365105 19890612. CAN 113:135227 AN 1990:535227 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 4925936 A 19900515 US 1989-365105 19890612

Abstract

H2SO4 and HNO3 are recovered from spent acid streams in a process for producing b-HMX. Hexamine, NH3, and acetic anhydride are reacted to produce diacetyl pentamethylenetetramine (DAPT) which is converted to 1,5-diacetyle-3,7-dinitro-1,3,4,7-tetraazacyctooctane (DADN) by treating with a mixt. of H2SO4 and HNO3. The DADN produced is nitrolyzed with N2O5 and anhyd. HNO3 to produce a HMX soln. which is added to a dispersion of b-HMX seed crystals in H2O to selectively ppt. b-HMX from the HMX soln. The spent acid recovered in the DAPT/DADN prodn. steps is sepd. from spent acid from the HMX prodn. steps and is treated in a H2SO4 recovery unit to recover greater than 93 wt.% H2SO4. The spent acid from the HMX prodn. steps is sep. treated in a multistage Mg(NO3)2 concentrator to recover greater than 90 wt.% HNO3.

Bibliographic Information

Study on the mechanism of the acetolysis of hexamethylenetetramine. Chen, Ju; Wang, Shaofang; Li, Fuping. Xian Mod. Chem. Res. Inst., Xian, Peop. Rep. China. Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. (1990), 15(2), 54-7. CODEN: PEPYD5 ISSN: 0721-3115. Journal written in English. CAN 113:26444 AN 1990:426444 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The acetolysis of hexamethylenetetramine to give DAPT, TAT, and 1,3,5-triacetyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane is studied. NMR tracing shows the course of acetolysis, the effects of the reaction conditions on its direction, and the evidence that the CH2 lost in hexamine degrdn. reappears as HCHO. An acetolysis mechanism is proposed. Comparison of acetolysis with hexamine nitrolysis shows that the 2 reactions experience similar courses; this is useful in searching for a way to improve the yield of HXM in the Bachmann process.

Bibliographic Information

Isolation of three hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-degrading species of the family Enterobacteriaceae from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil. Kitts C L; Cunningham D P; Unkefer P J Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545 APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (1994 Dec), 60(12), 4608-11. Journal code: 6K6. ISSN:0099-2240. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. DN 95110151 PubMed ID 7811097 AN 95110151 MEDLINE (Copyright 2002 U.S. National Library of Medicine)

Abstract

Three species of the family Enterobacteriaceae that biochemically reduced hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) were isolated from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil. Two isolates, identified as Morganella morganii and Providencia rettgeri, completely transformed both RDX and the nitroso-RDX reduction intermediates. The third isolate, identified as Citrobacter freundii, partially transformed RDX and generated high concentrations of nitroso-RDX intermediates. All three isolates produced 14CO2 from labeled RDX under O2-depleted culture conditions. While all three isolates transformed HMX, only M. morganii transformed HMX in the presence of RDX.

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Bibliographic Information

Composite solid propellants containing bitetrazoles. Hendrickson, Roger R. (Morton Thiokol, Inc., USA). U.S. (1989), 4 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 4798637 A 19890117 Patent written in English. Application: US 83-471618 19830303. CAN 110:157181 AN 1989:157181 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 4798637 A 19890117 US 1983-471618 19830303

Abstract

A composite solid propellant comprises NH4ClO4 oxidizer and ³1 bitetrazole compd. in an amt. effective to reduce the burning rate of the propellant while providing an increase in sp. impulse and not altering fuel combustion efficiency. The bitetrazole compd., bitetrazole or its diammonium salt, is employed at 0.5-5.0 wt.% based on the wt. of the propellant. Thus, propellant comprising OH-terminated polybutadiene polymer 7.24, Tepanol 0.15, dioctyl adipate 2.00, Al 21.0, bitetrazole 2.00, NH4ClO4 (400 mm) 16.50, NH4ClO4 (180 mm) 33.00, NH4ClO4 (70 mm) 5.50, octadecyl isocyanate 0.04, HMX 12.00, and IPDI 0.57 wt.% was prepd. The sp. impulse, burning rate and the end-of-mix viscosity were 265.9 (lb.s/lb)4, 0.320 in./s at 1000 psi, and 7.5 kP at 140°F, resp., vs. 265.7 (lb.s/lb)4, 0.330 in./s at 1000 psi, and 6.4 kP at 136°F for the propellant without bitetrazole.

Bibliographic Information

Preparation of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Dimun, Milan; Zeman, Svatopluk; Truchlik, Stefan; Kabatova, Viera; Belko, Dusan. (Czech.). Czech. (1987), 3 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 238440 B1 19870515 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 83-10007 19831227. CAN 110:135274 AN 1989:135274 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 238440 B1 19851113 CS 1983-10007 19831227

Abstract

Conventional nitration cleavage of 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (I) gave the title compd. (II, octogen) in increased yield and purity in the presence of urea nitrate. Thus, treating 110 parts 98.1% HNO3 at less than 29° successively with 60 parts P2O5 and 10 parts I, stirring the mixt. 30 min at 59-61°, and pouring it into 1000 parts water gave 82.35% II, m. 279-80°. A parallel exp. in which I was mixed with 2.5% urea nitrate gave 94.1% II, m. 282-3°.

Bibliographic Information

Crystallization of beta-HMX. Levinthal, Michael L. (Morton Thiokol, Inc., USA). U.S. (1988), 5 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 4785094 A 19881115 Patent written in English. Application: US 86-912437 19860926. CAN 110:60615 AN 1989:60615 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 4785094 A 19881115 US 1986-912437 19860926
ZA 8706010 A 19890426 ZA 1987-6010 19870813
CA 1300134 A1 19920505 CA 1987-544758 19870818
GB 2214911 A1 19890913 GB 1988-342 19880108
GB 2214911 B2 19920722
FR 2629082 A1 19890929 FR 1988-3826 19880323
FR 2629082 B1 19920417

Priority Application Information
US 1986-912437 19860926

Abstract

Substantially pure cryst. b-HMX is produced essentially free of other polymorphic forms by adding an unsatd. soln. of 5-20 wt.% HMX in a solvent essentially consisting of HNO3 to a dispersion of about 0.1-1 wt.% (e.g. 0.5 wt.%) b-HMX seed crystals having wt. mean diam. 1-50 mm in a nonsolvent essentially consisting of water such that the solvent-nonsolvent wt. ratio is about 90:10 to 40:60. The process gave about 80% recovery of b-HMX without crystals of other polymorphs. In addn. to the high-purity product obtained, the method avoids energy-intensive processing steps, is easier to control with less narrowly defined crit. parameters, and the exothermic reaction between HNO3 and water is carefully controlled.

Bibliographic Information

Nitramine explosive manufacture as large crystals. Svensson, Leif; Ericsson, Per; Olsson, Nils Ingvar; Bergstroem, Bertil. (Nobel Kemi AB, Swed.). Eur. Pat. Appl. (1988), 8 pp. CODEN: EPXXDW EP 288122 A2 19881026 Designated States R: AT, BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, NL, SE. Patent written in English. Application: EP 88-200732 19880415. Priority: SE 87-1643 19870422; SE 87-1644 19870422. CAN 110:60614 AN 1989:60614 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
EP 288122 A2 19881026 EP 1988-200732 19880415
EP 288122 A3 19890315
EP 288122 B1 19930224
R: AT, BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, NL, SE
SE 8701643 A 19881023 SE 1987-1643 19870422
SE 462715 B 19900820
SE 462715 C 19911031
SE 8701644 A 19881023 SE 1987-1644 19870422
SE 460416 B 19891009
SE 460416 C 19900208
AT 85970 E 19930315 AT 1988-200732 19880415
ES 2053705 T3 19940801 ES 1988-200732 19880415
US 4900819 A 19900213 US 1988-184131 19880421
CA 1296723 A1 19920303 CA 1988-564652 19880421

Priority Application Information
SE 1987-1643 19870422
SE 1987-1644 19870422
EP 1988-200732 19880415

Abstract

RDX and HMX prepd. by hexamethylenetetramine (I) nitration with NH4NO3, Ac2O, and AcOH by the Backmann process are obtained as large crystals by subjecting the explosive crystal-contg. AcOH acidic mother liquor, after completion of the reaction but before filtering, to a controlled heat and pressure schedule in a closed vessel. First, the mother liquor is heated to 90-200°, e.g., £170° and preferably 110-130°, under £5 bar for 15 min-2 h, then the temp. is decreased to 60-110° and the pressure to normal atm. pressure, the resulting crystals, almost entirely HMX, are sepd. by thermal filtering, the temp. is reduced to room temp., and the resulting HMX and RDX are filtered. The large crystals are easily filtered, and their considerably small surface area leads to decreased contamination of the working liqs. and recrystn. agents. In the conventional HMX synthesis starting with 16 g I, following completion of the reaction and a 2-h after-reaction, 50 mL water was added, the temp. was increased to 120° and held for 1 h during which the pressure increased to 2.4 atm, the mixt. was filtered, the product was washed with water, and the mother liquor was cooled to room temp. and filtered again. The 1st fraction 21.5 g consisted of 0.3% RDX and balance HMX. The 2nd fraction 8.4 g consisted of 48 HMX and 52% RDX.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane production method. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan; Kabatova, Viera; Zemanova, Eva; Belko, Dusan; Truchlik, Stefan. (Czech.). Czech. (1987), 3 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 238443 B1 19870515 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 83-10011 19831227. CAN 108:23708 AN 1988:23708 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 238443 B1 19851113 CS 1983-10011 19831227

Abstract

Treating a 2:1 mixt. of 98% HNO3 and P2O5 at less than 40° with 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane and stirring the mixt. for 30 min at 54-57° gave the title compd., useful as an explosive, in 78-85% yield in the presence of 0.5-10% nitrourea, vs. 73.58% obtained in the absence of nitrourea.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacylooctane production method. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan; Kabatova, Viera; Zemanova, Eva; Truchlik, Stefan; Belko, Dusan. (Czech.). Czech. (1987), 3 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 238442 B1 19870515 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 83-10010 19831227. CAN 108:23707 AN 1988:23707 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 238442 B1 19851113 CS 1983-10010 19831227

Abstract

The yield of the title compd. (Octogen; useful as an explosive), prepd. by the nitration of 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (I) in a 2:1 mixt. of HNO3 and P2O5, was increased from 73.58% to 76-83% in the presence of 0.5-10% dicyandiamide, based on the amt. of I.

Bibliographic Information

Manufacture of microcrystalline octogen. Yano, Kazunori; Goto, Michihiro; Ninoto, Keiichi. (Nippon Koki Co., Ltd., Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1987), 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF JP 62056479 A2 19870312 Showa. Patent written in Japanese. Application: JP 85-196718 19850905. CAN 107:238899 AN 1987:638899 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
JP 62056479 A2 19870312 JP 1985-196718 19850905

Abstract

Octogen is sepd. in microcryst. b-form from a soln. of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) by diln. with water whereby a surfactant is added to the solvent and/or the water. Thus, a soln. of 15 g b-HMX in 600 g hot Me2CO was added to 1 kg H2O contg. 8.0 g Na lauryl sulfate at 20° with stirring (240 rpm) and the mixt. stirred for 30 min to sep. b-HMX, 98% of which passed a 44-mm screen.

Bibliographic Information

Manufacture of fine b-octogen particles. Heinemeyer, Klaus; Redecker, Klaus; Sassmannshausen, Ulrich. (Dynamit Nobel A.-G., Fed. Rep. Ger.). Ger. (1987), 3 pp. CODEN: GWXXAW DE 3617408 C1 19870611 Patent written in German. Application: DE 86-3617408 19860523. CAN 107:99291 AN 1987:499291 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
DE 3617408 C1 19870611 DE 1986-3617408 19860523
EP 246526 A1 19871125 EP 1987-106778 19870511
EP 246526 B1 19900801
R: BE, CH, DE, FR, GB, IT, LI, SE
NO 8702152 A 19871124 NO 1987-2152 19870522
NO 170802 B 19920831
NO 170802 C 19921209
US 4794180 A 19881227 US 1987-53480 19870526

Priority Application Information
DE 1986-3617408 19860523

Abstract

In the manuf. of fine particles of b-octogen (I) by recrystn. of a I soln. by a nonsolvent for I the recrystn. is carried out at 5-15° by toluene, from a g-lactone soln., i.e. l-butyrolactone and the sepd. crystals are coated with a plastic. Thus, 20 g com. I having av. particle size 55 m was dissolved in 100 mL g-butyrolactone, stirred slowly into toluene for pptn., and the ppt. was filtered, washed with water, and dried at less than 50°. The I product was obtained at a yield of 90% as particles with av. size less than 6 m.

Bibliographic Information

Solvent-free preparation of gun propellant formulations. Kristofferson, Clifford E.; Fisher, Donald G.; Bell, Frank H.; Wagner, William F. (Morton Thiokol, Inc., USA). U.S. (1987), 5 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 4650617 A 19870317 Patent written in English. Application: US 85-748889 19850626. CAN 107:61572 AN 1987:461572 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 4650617 A 19870317 US 1985-748889 19850626

Abstract

A solventless method for the prepn. and storage of uncured low vulnerability ammunition propellant (LOVA) includes blending about 60-80 wt.% of either HMX or RDX oxidizer having a wt. mean diam. of 1.0-14 m with a polyurethane binder. A cure-effecting amt. of cure catalyst may also be included. These ingredients are blended at a .ltorsim.110° F., deaired, and optionally stored at low temps. at a pre-cured condition, extruded, and subsequently cured. The products produced thereby have uniquely low burning rates as well as uniquely low burning rate exponents. Thus, Pluronic L-35 11.7, trimethylolpropane 3.13, isophorone diisocyanate 10.10, HMX (wt. mean diam. 2.3-2.8 m or 2.8 m ratio by blending) 75.00, and titanyl acetylacetonate 0.0125 wt.% were blended by a detailed process to give an uncured propellant mixt. which was packaged in polyethylene film bags and stored 2 mo at -50°F. The mixts. were thawed, extruded, and cured to give LOVA with d. 0.064 lb/in.3, burning rate 0.652 in./s at 10,000 psi and 70°F, and burning rate exponent 1.014. When the temp. of the frozen mixts. was elevated just sufficiently to allow extrusion the resp. properties of the cured LOVA were 0.0615 lb/in.3, 0.714 in./s, and 0.939.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane production by nitrolysis of 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan. (Czech.). Czech. (1986), 4 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 227913 B 19860515 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 81-480 19810123. CAN 106:52780 AN 1987:52780 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 227913 B 19840514 CS 1981-480 19810123

Abstract

The yield and safety of the title reaction are favorably affected by urea. Thus, 97% HNO3 210 was chilled and treated at less than 25° with P2O5 120, the mixt. was stirred at 33-6° with addn. of 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane 20 and urea 0.4 parts. Heating the mixt. 15 min at 58-62°, dilg. with cold water, boiling the suspension until free of N oxides, filtering, and washing the product gave 85.26% 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane vs. 58.8% obtained in the absence of urea.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan; Fedak, Jan. (Czech.). Czech. (1986), 5 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 227905 B 19860515 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 80-3304 19800513. CAN 106:35610 AN 1987:35610 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 227905 B 19840514 CS 1980-3304 19800513
CS 227905 B1 19840416

Abstract

The yield and safety of nitration cleavage of hexamethylenetetramine (I) to the title compd. (II), increased significantly in the presence of a polymethylene-urea condensate. Thus, a soln. of I 14 in 98.9% AcOH 23 and a soln. of NH4NO3 25 in 99.19% HNO3 25 were simultaneously fed at 50-55° in 10-12 min into Ac2O contg. a foamed urea-formaldehyde condensate 0.5 parts. The mixt. was stirred 30 min at 70-75°, dild. with 250 parts hot water, refluxed 30 min, cooled, filtered, the cake was washed with water, 5% NH4OH, and water, and dried to give 69.7% II contg. 10.7% 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. The comparative yield of tech. grade II of approx. the same compn. was 46% in the absence of the condensate.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan. (Czech.). Czech. (1986), 4 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 227907 B 19860515 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 80-3982 19800605. CAN 106:35608 AN 1987:35608 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 227907 B 19840514 CS 1980-3982 19800605

Abstract

The yield of the title compd. (I) by nitration cleavage of 1,5-endomethylene-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (II) and safety of the process increased in the presence of a urea-formaldehyde condensate. Thus, treating a suspension of II 10 in Ac2O 46.2 with a soln. of NH4NO3 11.3 in HNO3 13.4 parts in 11 min at 66-71°, stirring the mixt. 15 min, cooling, filtering, and washing the product with aq. NH4OH, water, and MeOH gave 72.9% crude I. The yield increased to 79.6% when the above suspension contained 0.1 part urea-formaldehyde condensate.

Bibliographic Information

Preparation of monocyclic nitramines. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan. (Czech.). Czech. (1986), 8 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 227911 B 19860515 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 80-5905 19800829. CAN 106:35607 AN 1987:35607 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 227911 B 19840514 CS 1980-5905 19800829

Abstract

A mixt. of octogen (I) and hexogen (II, prevailing component) is prepd. by nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine (III) in AcOH in the presence of a urea-formaldehyde condensate (UFC) which increases the safety of the process. Thus, a mixt. of 75 mL AcOH, 1.5 mL Ac2O, and 1.7 g paraformaldehyde was treated at 41-44° in 15-17 min simultaneously with a soln. of 8.7 g NH4NO3 in 6.3 mL HNO3 and a soln. of 10.1 g III in 16 mL AcOH contg. (A) 0.38% UFC, (B) 1.06% UFC (based on III), and (c) no UFC. The mixt. was stirred 15 min at 45-47° with addn. of 6 mL Ac2O, treated with addnl. 44.5 mL Ac2O and 13.2 g NH4NO3 in 9.6 mL HNO3, kept 60 min, dild. with 35 mL hot water, refluxed 30 min, and dild. with cold water. The product was filtered and washed with aq. NH4OH and water. The I content in the dry product and the yields of I and II, based on III, were: 72.38, 25.91, and 13.19 for A, 75.04, 29.17, and 12.97 for B, and 71.9%, 24.31%, and 12.64% for C.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane containing 1,4-dinitrotetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]-imidazole-2,5(1H,3H)-dione. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan. (Czech.). Czech. (1985), 3 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 219190 B 19850601 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 81-5847 19810731. CAN 106:20707 AN 1987:20707 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 219190 B 19830325 CS 1981-5847 19810731

Abstract

Nitrolysis of 9.8 g 1,5-endomethylene-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (I) in Ac2O with a soln. of 11.3 g NH4NO3 in 13.4 mL 98.1% HNO3 at 60-85° gave the highest yield (97.9%) of the title mixt. in the presence of 0.1 g Slovapon N (surfactant) and 0.0078 mol tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]-imidazole-2,5(1H,3H)-dione, based on 1 mol I.

Bibliographic Information

Cyclic nitramine mixture. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan. (Czech.). Czech. (1985), 3 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 219191 B 19850601 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 81-6349 19810826. CAN 106:20706 AN 1987:20706 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 219191 B 19830325 CS 1981-6349 19810826

Abstract

Nitration-cleavage of hexamethylenetetramine (I) with a soln. of NH4NO3 in HNO3 at 50-76° in AcOH-Ac2O gave a mixt. of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane and 1,4-dinitrotetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1H,3H)-dione. The highest utilization of I (.apprx.48%) was realized in the presence of .apprx.1% tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1H,3H)-dione.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan. (Czech.). Czech. (1985), 4 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 218703 B 19850601 Patent written in Czech. Application: CS 81-1012 19810212. CAN 105:229374 AN 1986:629374 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 218703 B 19830225 CS 1981-1012 19810212

Abstract

Nitrolysis of 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (I) gives increased yield of the title compd. (II) in the presence of NH4NO3 which also increases safety of the process. Thus, chilled HNO3 210 was treated at less than 40° with P2O5 120 and a mixt. of I 30 and NH4NO3 3 parts was added. The mixt. was kept 20 min at 58-62°, dild. with water, and the resulting suspension was boiled until free of N oxides. The yield of II was 81.67% vs. 71.86% obtained in the absence of NH4NO3.

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Sensitivity and handling hazards of d-HMX obtained by heating PBX 9404. Cady, H. H. Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA. Int. Jahrestag. - Fraunhofer-Inst. Treib- Explosivst. (1986), 17th(Anal. Propellants Explos.: Chem. Phys. Methods), 17/1-17/12. CODEN: IFTEDV ISSN: 0722-4087. Journal written in English. CAN 105:175337 AN 1986:575337 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

PBX 9404 (HMX 94, tris(b-chloroethyl)phosphate 3, nitrocellulose 3, diphenylamine stabilizer 0.1%) heated greater than 160° and then cooled is more hazardous than unheated PBX 9404 because of the formation of d-HMX. Expts. and drop-hammer, spark-sensitivity, machining, and x-ray diffraction tests do not indicate hazards that would preclude cautious clean-up operations and transport of debris to a disposal area.

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Reversed-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography of nitramine munitions and characterization of munitions process samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Burrows, Elizabeth P.; Brueggemann, Ernst E. U.S. Army Med. Bioeng. Res. Dev. Lab., Frederick, MD, USA. J. Chromatogr. (1985), 329(2), 285-9. CODEN: JOCRAM ISSN: 0021-9673. Journal written in English. CAN 103:180352 AN 1985:580352 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A reversed-phase, gradient-elution method is presented for the quant. detn. of RDX [121-82-4], HMX [2691-41-0], TAX [14168-42-4], and SEX [13980-00-2] in samples from the DMSO [67-68-5] munitions recrystn. process. The samples also were extd. and analyzed qual. by gas chromatog. and mass spectroscopy. The nitramines were eluted by a linear gradient produced from 1:4 (A) and 4:1 (B) MeOH-H2O and the compn. was changed from A:B 95:5 to A:B 50:50 in 25 min at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The samples were composites from the RDX and HMX processes obtained at several stages in the munitions recrystn. and DMSO recovery. Typical results are tabulated and given graphically for the munitions and trace orgs. Water of the Holston River at Kingsport, Tenn., was analyzed for trace orgs.

Bibliographic Information

Microcolumn clean-up and recovery techniques for organic explosives compounds and for propellants traces in firearms discharge residues. Lloyd, J. B. F. Home Off. Forensic Sci. Lab., Birmingham, UK. J. Chromatogr. (1985), 330(1), 121-9. CODEN: JOCRAM ISSN: 0021-9673. Journal written in English. CAN 103:82867 AN 1985:482867 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Microcolumn recovery and clean-up procedures suitable for use with a variety of adsorbents of explosive compds. are described. The procedures employ 1 mm I.D. columns that are charged and eluted by the use of the sample loop of a valve injector as a solvent reservoir. Some examples are given of the recovery of nitroglycerin [55-63-0] from firearms discharge residues in clothing exts. and from explosion debris.

Bibliographic Information

Mixtures of cyclic nitramines mostly composed of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan. (Czech.). Czech. (1984), 4 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 213509 B 19840301 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 80-6163 19800911. CAN 101:211192 AN 1984:611192 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 213509 B 19820409 CS 1980-6163 19800911

Abstract

Nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine with a soln. of NH4NO3 in HNO3 in a medium contg. AcOH, Ac2O, and paraformaldehyde gave in the presence of urea a product contg. 80.22% of the title compd. (I). The yields of I and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane were 57.75% and 18.99%, resp. Comparative values obtained in the absence of urea were 73.06, 47.87, and 23.54%, resp.

Bibliographic Information

Cyclic nitramines mixture with majority content of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Zeman, Svatopluk; Dimun, Milan. (Czech.). Czech. (1984), 4 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 214311 B 19840601 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 80-7389 19801103. CAN 101:191980 AN 1984:591980 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 214311 B 19820409 CS 1980-7389 19801103

Abstract

Nitration cleavage of hexamethylenetetramine (I) gives in the presence of urea and a urea-formaldehyde condensate an increased utilization of I in favor of the title compd. [II; X = CH2N(NO2)CH2] which is the explosive octogen. Thus, treating I in AcOH at 43-7° with a soln. of NH4NO3 in HNO3 in the presence of Ac2O and the above additives gave 52.35% octogen and 22.58% hexogen (II, R = CH2). Utilization of I was 48.05% vs. 45.43% obtained in the absence of urea and the urea formaldehyde condensate.


Bibliographic Information

Low burning rate aluminized propellants in acceleration fields. Brundige, Winston N.; Caveny, Leonard H. Morton Thiokol/Elkton, MD, USA. AIAA J. (1984), 22(5), 638-46. CODEN: AIAJAH ISSN: 0001-1452. Journal written in English. CAN 101:75282 AN 1984:475282 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

To reduce slag formation and burning rate increases, the effects of radial acceleration (up to 20 g) and low pressure (2-7 MPa) on the combustion of low-burning rate aluminized propellants (87 formulations) were investigated. Expts. were performed to obtain agglomerate size distribution, slag formation, and burning rate data. Data sources included photographs under cross flow and acceleration conditions, scanning electron probe (Cl and Al) images, particle collection combustors, and rocket motors. The tendency to form slag increases as the agglomeration size at the burning surface increases. A lower burning rate increases acceleration effects. However, residue formation is more sensitive to formulation than is burning rate; for example, bimodal vs. trimodal NH4ClO4 can cause significant changes in residue in the absence of burn rate changes; RDX [121-82-4] produces larger agglomerates than HMX [2691-41-0]. Through understanding obtained from this research, redn. in agglomeration, slag formation, and burning rate augmentation are directly attributable to systematic changes in formulation ingredient levels and sizes.

Bibliographic Information

Organometallics in high energy chemistry. Laine, R. M.; Levins, D. A.; Bedford, C. D. SRI Int., Menlo Park, CA, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1983), (ARO-18084.5-CH; Order No. AD-A135715), 109 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1984, 84(6), 160. Report written in English. CAN 101:57280 AN 1984:457280 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

New synthetic strategies were developed for the synthesis of polymethyleneimine precursors to RDX [121-82-4] and HMX [2691-41-0] through the use of homogeneous catalysts based on Ru and Ru-Fe mixts. These catalysts have proved effective for the oligomerization and cyclization of tertiary diaminoalkanes at temps. and rates superior to the heterogeneous Pd black-catalyzed reactions previously reported. Under somewhat different conditions, these same catalysts will cleave reform Si-N bonds. Activation of Si-N bonds is useful in several org. syntheses. In an effort to understand why Pd black is less effective than the homogeneous catalysts, an understanding of how Lindlar catalysts function was developed. In addn., a comprehensive picture of how other heterogeneous catalysts esp. hydrodenitrogenation catalysts interact with N-contg. orgs. was developed. In unrelated studies, synthetic methods for prepg. nitro-alkoxyaluminates with the objective of developing air and moisture stable high energy organometallics were explored. For b-nitro alkoxy aluminates, air and moisture sensitivity decreases significantly with increasing nos. of b-nitro groups.

Bibliographic Information

Method and apparatus for synthesizing HMX and nitrogen pentoxide. McGuire, Raymond R.; Coon, Clifford L.; Harrar, Jackson E.; Pearson, Richard K. (United States Dept. of Energy, USA). U. S. Pat. Appl. (1983), 23 pp. Avail. NTIS Order No. PAT-APPL-6-399 948. CODEN: XAXXAV US 399948 A0 19831111 Patent written in English. Application: US 82-399948 19820720. CAN 100:123574 AN 1984:123574 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 399948 A0 19831111 US 1982-399948 19820720
US 4432902 A 19840221
US 4525252 A 19850625 US 1983-546715 19831028

Priority Application Information
US 1982-399948 19820720

Abstract

N2O5 and HMX [2691-41-0] are synthesized electrochem. at improved current efficiency without employing HNO3 at the anode and cathode while minimizing side reactions in the electrochem. cell. An N2O4-HNO3 is oxidized at the anode while maintaining a controlled potential between the soln. and anode of 1.35-2.0 V (vs. salt calomel electrode), preferably 1.8 V. The N2O5 is reacted with 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (I) [50850-26-5] or 1,3,5,7-tetraacetyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane [41378-98-7] to form HMX. The anodes and cathodes are Pt or IrOx or RuOx on Ti where x = 1 or 2. Anhyd. nitric acid with £0.4% water was obtained from 70% HNO3 and concd. H2SO4 in a 1:3 vol. rate and used to prep. 5-20% solns. of N2O4. Electrosynthesis of N2O5 was carried out at 5-25, preferably 5-10°, with the potential between anode and N2O4/HNO3 soln. controlled by a ref. electrode and generally set to a value .apprx.100 mV less pos. than the final value. Thus, a soln. of 13.4 N2O5 in aq. HNO3 was prepd. from N2O4 33.3, HNO3 55.2, and water 11.5%.

Bibliographic Information

Analysis methods for explosive materials. I. Polynitro compounds. Kayser, Eleanor G. Nav. Surf. Weapons Cent., Silver Spring, MD, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1982), (NSWC/TR-81-123, SBI-AD-F500059; Order No. AD-A119397), 29 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1983, 83(2), 353. Report written in English. CAN 98:182060 AN 1983:182060 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A high-pressure liq. chromatog. method was developed for rapid and quant. chem. anal. of the following thermally stable explosive materials: DATB [33491-88-2], DINA [4185-47-1], Dipan [17215-44-0], DNT [121-14-2], Dodeca [23242-92-4], HNAB [19159-68-3], HNBiB [85496-69-1], HMX [2691-41-0], HNBP [4433-16-3], HNS [20062-22-0], NONA [51460-84-5], ONT [33491-88-2], picric acid [88-89-1], PETN [78-11-5], PYX [38082-89-2], RDX [121-82-4], TATB [3058-38-6], tetryl [479-45-8], 2,4,6-trinitroaniline [489-98-5], TNB [99-35-4], TNN [4793-98-0], TNS [2220-30-6], TNT [118-96-7], and TPT [49753-54-0]. Addnl. chem. characterization of the above materials was carried out by NMR Spectroscoy and by thin-layer chromatog. Me2SO was used as the common solvent for all the compds. in this investigation.

Bibliographic Information

Synthesis of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine by a three-stage method. Singh, Balwant; Bhatia, P. S.; Singh, Harinder. Terminal Ballistics Res. Lab., Chandigarh, India. Def. Sci. J. (1982), 32(4), 297-301. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 98:163352 AN 1983:163352 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A 3-stage method was developed for the prepn. of HMX [2691-41-0] at 45 ± 3°. hexamine [100-97-0] Was nitrated to 1,5 methylene-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (DPT) [949-56-4] in Ac2O and AcOH with NH4NO3-HNO3 mixt. in presence of BF3 as catalyst, and DPT along with reaction mixt. was further treated with excess HNO3 and Ac2O in the 2nd stage. The product was converted into HMX in the 3rd stage by treatment with NH4NO3-HNO3 mixt. and Ac2O. The effect of various concns. of NH4NO3, HNO3, and Ac2O was also studied on the yield of HMX in the final stage.

Bibliographic Information

Electrosynthesis of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) by controlled-potential oxidation of dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) in anhydrous nitric acid. Harrar, J. E.; Pearson, R. K. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Univ. California, Livermore, CA, USA. J. Electrochem. Soc. (1983), 130(1), 108-12. CODEN: JESOAN ISSN: 0013-4651. Journal written in English. CAN 98:80485 AN 1983:80485 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The anodic oxidn. of N2O4 in aq. and anhyd. HNO3 was investigated by controlled-potential techniques; it is an excellent method for prepg. solns. of N2O5 in anhyd. HNO3. The product solns. can be used directly for the nitrolysis of org. compds. The oxidn. is carried out at approx. +1.85 V vs. SCE (aq.) at Pt or Ti-supported Ir oxide anodes. Up to 40-g quantities of N2O5 were prepd. with good energy efficiency in a lab.-scale, divided cell with a porous Vycor or Nafion separator. Complete oxidn. of the N2O4 occurs in a region of low solvent background current; however, the overall current efficiency is reduced to .apprx.65%, apparently owing to transport losses of N2O4 and N2O5 to the catholyte. Several of the species resulting from the dissocn. of N2O4 and N2O5 in the solns. were identified by Raman spectroscopy.

Bibliographic Information

One-step process for TAT preparation from hexamethylenetetramine. Wang, Shaofang; Li, Fuping. Inst. Mod. Chem., Lanzhou, Peop. Rep. China. Int. Jahrestag. - Fraunhofer-Inst. Treib- Explosivst. (1981), (Chem. Mech. Technol. Treib-Explosivst.), 589-601. CODEN: IFTEDV Journal written in English. CAN 97:130024 AN 1982:530024 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A new procedure is described for prepg. 1,3,5,7-tetrakisacetyl-1,3,5,7-octahydrotetrazocine (TAT) [41378-98-7], an intermediate in a novel process for the manuf. of HMX [2691-41-0], from hexamine [100-97-0] in a 1-step process without the sepn. of 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane [32516-05-5]. The reaction is carried out under an anhyd. condition and the yield of TAT was 95%. The purity of TAT is very high and contains only 0.2% of 1,3,5-triacetyl-1,3,5-hexahydrotriazine [26028-46-6]. The quantity of AcH required is about 7 mol to 1 mol of hexamine, which is much lower than in the Bachmann process.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Dimun, Milan; Oswald, Anton; Mikestik, Antonin; Bozivoj, Tomis. (Czech.). Czech. (1982), 4 pp. CODEN: CZXXA9 CS 195038 B 19820201 Patent written in Slovak. Application: CS 77-2371 19770412. CAN 97:6336 AN 1982:406336 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
CS 195038 B 19800131 CS 1977-2371 19770412

Abstract

Nitrolysis of 1,5-endo-methylene-3,7-dinitroso-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane in Ac2O at 60° gives the title compd. only in the presence of NH4NO3 and R1R2NH.HNO3 (R1 = Me, R2 = H, Me). The nitrates stabilize the primarily formed labile 1-acetoxymethyl-3-nitroso-5,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane by transamination reaction yielding an intermediate in which O in the acetoxymethyl group is replaced with N. In the absence of the above nitrates the reaction becomes uncontrollable and yields nitrous gases, HCHO, and traces of 1,9-diacetoxy-2,4,6,8-tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetraazanonane.

Bibliographic Information

Complex formation in RDX, HMX, TNT, and some related compounds: a bibliography. Abel, J. E.; Marinkas, P. L.; Bulusu, S. Large Caliber Weapon Syst. Lab., U.S. Army Armaments Res. Dev. Command, Dover, NJ, USA. J. Ballist. (1981), 5(3), 1195-216. CODEN: BALLD2 ISSN: 0146-4140. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 96:165013 AN 1982:165013 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A review, with 35 refs., of complex synthesis and complexing of RDX, HMX, TNT, and related nitramines and nitroaroms. used in formulating explosives and propellants.

Bibliographic Information

Rotating biological contractors for munitions wastewater treatment. Chesler, P. Gail; Eskelund, Gerald R. Army Mobility Equipment Res. Dev. Command, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1981), (MERADCOM-2319; Order No. AD-A100437), 45 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1981, 81(21), 4599. Report written in English. CAN 96:148371 AN 1982:148371 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The applicability of aerobic rotating biol. contactor (RBC) technol. for secondary treatment of the wastestream of a facility manufg. the explosives RDX [121-82-4] and HMX [2691-41-0] was studied. The synthesized wastestream contained high levels of HCHO [50-00-0] and HCO2H [64-18-6] as well as the explosives RDX, HMX, and TNT [118-96-7]. Several other org. contaminants were also present in lesser concns. The RBC was capable of removing 82% of the COD from the wastestream at loading rates of 2.3 lb of COD/1000 ft2 of disk surface area-day.

Bibliographic Information

Improvement in the breakdown of solid propellants and explosives, recovery of nitramines. Tompa, Albert S.; French, David M.; White, Billy R. (USA). U. S. Pat. Appl. (1982), 15 pp. Avail. NTIS Order No. PAT-APPL-283 709. CODEN: XAXXAV US 283709 A0 19820129 Patent written in English. Application: US 81-283709 19810716. CAN 96:145461 AN 1982:145461 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 283709 A0 19820129 US 1981-283709 19810716
US 4389265 A 19830621

Abstract

A method for recovering nitramines in high yield from pyrotechnics with polymeric binders or for disposing of them in a safe and ecol. sound manner is described. The binder-contg. pyrotechnics are dissolved in 2-aminoethanol (I) [141-43-5] in an arom. solvent-alc. mixt. or in a soln. of a mineral acid, water, and solvents. Thus, 906 g pyrotechnic contg. HMX [2691-41-0], powd. Al, and nitroglycerin (II) [55-63-0] with OH-terminated polyester and polyisocyanate binders were cut into small pieces and extd. with CH2Cl2 [75-09-2] to remove most of the II, and the dry stock was treated in 2718 g of a soln. of 1.0M I in an equivol. mixt. of toluene and isopropanol for 6 h at 60°. The slurry remaining after decantation yielded 87 HMX and 99% of the Al of the original compn.

Bibliographic Information

Hazards of inadvertent mixing of chemicals used in the Bachmann processes for manufacturing the military explosives RDX and HMX. Leach, James T.; Staples, John M. Holston Def. Corp., Kingsport, TN, USA. J. Hazard. Mater. (1981), 4(3), 271-81. CODEN: JHMAD9 Journal written in English. CAN 96:22013 AN 1982:22013 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

A CHETAH diagram and results of reactivity tests performed with both open and closed reactor vessels have contributed significantly to understanding the hazards of inadvertent mixing of Bachmann chem. used in the manuf. of RDX [121-82-4] and HMX [2691-41-0]. When mixed in an unconfined, insulated vessel, certain combinations of Bachmann chem., initially at ambient temps., generate fires spontaneously. Other combinations spontaneously generate explosions when mixed in a closed vessel. The types of test app. and techniques used in this work can be of considerable value throughout the chem. processing industries, particularly when potentially hazardous new processes are being scaled up from bench levels to prodn. levels.

Bibliographic Information

Alternative procedures for preparing HMX. Siele, V. I.; Warman, M.; Leccacorvi, J.; Hutchinson, R. W.; Motto, R.; Gilbert, E. E.; Benzinger, T. M.; Coburn, M. D.; Rohwer, R. K.; Davey, R. K. Energ. Mater. Div., US Army Armament Res. Dev. Command, ARRADCOM, Dover, NJ, USA. Propellants Explos. (1981), 6(3), 67-73. CODEN: PREXD4 ISSN: 0340-7462. Journal written in English. CAN 96:8904 AN 1982:8904 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Three new procedures are described for prepg. HMX [2691-41-0] from hexamine [100-97-0], each involving acetylation followed by nitrolysis. One of these, involving 1,5-diacetyloctahydro-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (I) [50850-26-5] as intermediate, gives a better yield of HMX than the established Bachmann process on the basis of hexamine and Ac2O, but involves the use of H2SO4 and polyphosphoric acids, which are not required in the Bachmann approach. The I can be produced rapidly and continuously on a pilot scale in good yields and spent acid recovery involves no unusual problems.

Bibliographic Information

Quantitative preparation of HMX polymorphs and their solubility behavior. Singh, Balwant. Terminal Ballistics Res. Lab., Chandigarh, India. Indian J. Technol. (1981), 19(7), 296-8. CODEN: IJOTA8 ISSN: 0019-5669. Journal written in English. CAN 95:222346 AN 1981:622346 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

New solvent systems were used for the quant. prepn. of polymorphic forms of HMX [2691-41-0]. The soly. of all polymorphs was detd. in acetone which helps in getting the more stable b-HMX by eliminating unstable forms. It was also obsd. that a and g forms transform into the b form before dissoln. in acetone.

Bibliographic Information

Proposal for continuous synthesis of very pure b-modification octogen together with some laboratory studies and analysis of the obtained product. Plese, Mladen. Yugoslavia. Naucno-Teh. Pregl. (1980), 30(9), 24-35. CODEN: NPGLA7 Journal written in SerboCroatian. CAN 95:172015 AN 1981:572015 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Lab. expts. for the synthesis of octogen [2691-41-0] and the methods and processing details for obtaining very pure octogen at high yields on a semiindustrial or industrial scale are described.

Bibliographic Information

A study on the synthesis of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Kang, J. B.; Koo, B. T.; Lee, S. K.; Lee, K. H.; Oh, D. Y. Hongneung Mach. Ind. Corp., Seoul, S. Korea. Taehan Hwahakhoe Chi (1980), 24(4), 322-8. CODEN: DHWHAB ISSN: 0418-2472. Journal written in Korean. CAN 95:97755 AN 1981:497755 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

In nitration of hexamethylenetetramine (I) to prep. homocyclonite (II) and cyclonite (III), the dinitro compd. IV was the intermediate.


Bibliographic Information

Biological treatment for waste streams from propellants and explosives manufacturing. Smith, L. L.; Carrazza, J.; Wong, K. Radford Army Ammunition Plant, Hercules Inc., Radford, VA, USA. Editor(s): Bartron, Lester R. Pap. Jt. Symp. Compat. Plast./Mater. Explos. Process. Explos. (1980), 29-48. Publisher: Am. Def. Prep. Assoc., Arlington, Va CODEN: 45LGAQ Conference written in English. CAN 95:67359 AN 1981:467359 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Three pilot studies were conducted on each of the streams from army ammunition plants at Holston and Radford, and a simulated stream for a new facility being considered for the prodn. of RDX [121-82-4]/HMX [2691-41-0]. Both the activated sludge system and the rotating biol. contactor system were investigated. Both systems show a high degree of BOD removal. Each exhibited certain advantages. In both systems carbon columns are needed to remove the nonbiodegradable contaminates from the streams. An optimum treatment approach may be a hybrid system.

Bibliographic Information

Preparation and purification of HMX and RDX intermediates (TAX and SEX). Bedford, Clifford D.; Staats, Steven J.; Geigel, Maria A.; Ross, Donald L. Org. Chem. Dep., SRI Int., Menlo Park, CA, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1980), (Order No. AD-A089613), 34 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1981, 81(2), 280. Report written in English. CAN 95:7242 AN 1981:407242 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

1-Acetylhexahydro-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (TAX) and 1-acetyloctahydro-3,5,7-trinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (SEX) were prepd. TAX was prepd. by nitration of 1,3,5-triacetylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine by (F3CCO)2O and 100% HNO3 followed by column chromatog. on silica gel. SEX was prepd. similarly from 1,5-diacetyloctahydro-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoxine (DADN), but was contaminated by 20% DADN.

Bibliographic Information

Pilot-scale evaluation of the treatability of RDX/HMX site 'X' facility wastewaters. Kitchens, Judith F.; Hyde, Raymond G.; Price, Debra A.; Hyde, Kenneth S.; Jones, William E., III. At. Res. Corp., Alexandria, VA, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1980), (ARC-49-5766-1, ARCSL-CR-80028, AD-E410 256; Order No. AD-A084 657), 185 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1980, 80(18), 3682. Report written in English. CAN 94:162134 AN 1981:162134 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

In this program, the feasibility of treating the wastewaters from the Site X RDX [121-82-4]/HMX [2691-41-0] manufg. facilities in aerobic rotating biol. contactors (RBC) was evaluated. These wastewaters contain explosives such as RDX, HMX, and TNT [118-96-7]; HCHO [50-00-0]; HCO2H [64-18-6]; AcOH [64-19-7]; and solvents such as cyclohexanone [108-94-1] and Me2CO [67-64-1]. A pilot scale RBC was used in this investigation. The results from the pilot-scale evaluation indicate that 95-100% sol. BOD removal can be achieved and maintained at sol. BOD loading rates of less than 2.5 lb/1000 ft3-day.

Bibliographic Information

Alternative processes for HMX manufacture. Siele, Victor I.; Warman, Maurice; Leccacorvi, John; Hutchinson, Richard; Motto, Rocco. Large Caliber Weapon Syst. Lab., Army Armament Res. Dev. Command, Dover, NJ, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1979), (ARLCD-TR-78008, AD-E400362; Order No. AD-A083793), 119 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1980, 80(17), 3307. Report written in English. CAN 94:142100 AN 1981:142100 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Three new procedures were developed for prepg. HMX [2691-41-0] from hexamine, one involving TAT [76862-93-6] as the intermediate and the others, DADN [50850-26-5] and DANNO [76862-67-4]. The DADN process was studied in some detail; the other 2 were not developed beyond the exploratory stage. Overall yield (hexamine to HMX) in the DADN process is .apprx.13% higher than that of the conventional Bachmann process, and the requirement is considerably lower. The first 2 steps were demonstrated in continuous pilot plant operation, yielding .apprx.14 lb/h of DADN in simple equipment. Application of the inert carrier concept (ICP) did not show promise. A cost study indicated that the DADN process offered no advantage over the Bachmann, mainly because addnl. acids (H2SO4 and polyphosphoric acid) are used.

Bibliographic Information

Calorimetry studies of ammonia, nitric acid, and ammonium nitrate. Rewick, R. T.; Gikis, B. J.; Weisman, I. SRI Int., Menlo Park, CA, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1979), (ARLCD-CR-79017, AD-E400371; Order No. AD-A078229), 24 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1980, 80(7), 1214. Report written in English. CAN 93:116720 AN 1980:516720 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Based on calorimetry studies, basic thermochem. data were obtained for the design of the HNO3-NH4NO3 reaction process to be used fo the RDX [121-82-4]-HMX [2691-41-0] X Facility.

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New adducts of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane. Selig, W. Lawrence Livermore Lab., Univ. California, Livermore, CA, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1979), (UCRL-82678, CONF-790644-1), 9 pp. From: Energy Res. Abstr. 1979, 4(18), Abstr. No. 47115. Report written in English. CAN 92:198375 AN 1980:198375 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Adducts of the title compds. with hydroxy-1-butanesulfonic acid d-sultone and 2,6-lutidine N-oxide and other pyrimidine N-oxides were prepd.

Bibliographic Information

Application possibilities of molded plastic explosives. Part 1: Composite explosives. Roche, G. Soc. Natl. Poudres Explos., Paris, Fr. Int. Jahrestag. - Inst. Chem. Treib- Explosivst. (1978), (Mod. Technol. Treib- Explosivst.), 235-42. CODEN: IJITDF Journal written in French. CAN 91:93837 AN 1979:493837 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Cast composite explosives, while retaining their excellent detonation properties compared with conventional formulas, offer a no. of obvious advantages: better thermal behavior and phys. and mech. properties, new possibilities in casting techniques, and clearly higher safety. A no. of formulas are now used in industrial developments.

Bibliographic Information

Specific air pollutants from munitions processing and their atmospheric behavior. Volume 1. Executive summary and general appendices. Carpenter, Ben H.; Liepins, Raimond; Sickles, Joseph, II; Hamilton, Harry L.; VanOsdell, Douglas W. Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1978), (RTI/1342/0001F; Order No. AD-A060354), 141 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1979, 79(5), 162. Report written in English. CAN 91:61831 AN 1979:461831 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Definition of the specific air pollutants generated from the prodn. of RDX [121-82-4], HMX [2691-41-0], and TNT [118-96-7], together with their attendant raw material manuf. and recovery processes is discussed, as well as the incineration of offgrade and used materials. Plant visits were made to discuss operations and acquire available data, which, together with survey reports by the USAEHA and technol. reports from the arsenals, were used to develop a state-of-knowledge emissions inventory projected to mobilization prodn. rates. Individual emission sources were characterized to the extent possible. The considerable data gaps were identified and flagged for further investigation. A methodol. was applied to develop ests. of concns. of the various compds. that might arise in the air over the plant. The chem. and toxicolog. characteristics of known emitted compds. were used, and their relevant chem. reactivity under photochem. conditions and at ground state was reviewed by literature search. The various possible transformation processes were catalogued..

Bibliographic Information

Interaction of the combustion front of a condensed system with heterogeneous impurities. Novikov, S. S.; Putulov, V. Yu.; Chuiko, S. V. Moscow, USSR. Editor(s): Merzhanov, A. G. Khim. Fiz. Protsessov Goreniya Vzryva: Gorenie Kondens. Sist. (1977), 56-8. Publisher: Akad. Nauk SSSR, Inst. Khim. Fiz., Chernogolovka, USSR CODEN: 40FRAU Conference written in Russian. CAN 90:206721 AN 1979:206721 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The introduction of additives (metals, metal oxides, oxidizing agents, and slow-burning explosives) into a condensed system, under certain conditions reduces the combustion rate. The effects are similar for additives with different chem. properties and are ascribed to heat losses in the combustion zone for heating the added particles. A formula is derived which satisfactorily describes the exptl. data.

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LX-14: a new high-energy plastic-bonded explosive. Humphrey, J. R. Lawrence Livermore Lab., Univ. California, Livermore, Calif., USA. Avail. NTIS. Report (1977), (UCRL-52350), 62 pp. From: Energy Res. Abstr. 1978, 3(13), Abstr. No. 31710. Report written in English. CAN 89:199885 AN 1978:599885 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

LX-14-0 [2691-41-0], a general purpose, plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) contg. HMX 95.5 and Estane 5702-F1 polyurethane 4.5%, was developed and tested. This compn. has high energy, low sensitivity to handling and shock, and has mech. properties that are superior to other PBX compns.

Bibliographic Information

Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine. Solomon, Irvine J.; Silberman, Louis B. (United States Dept. of the Army, USA). U.S. (1978), 4 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 4086228 19780425 Patent written in English. Application: US 76-734685 19761022. CAN 89:62015 AN 1978:462015 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 4086228 A 19780425 US 1976-734685 19761022

Abstract

The yield of HMX [2691-41-0], produced by nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine (I) [100-97-0], is increased by £28% by modifying the sequence of reagent addn. as used in the conventional process. Thus, a small amt. of the I is added to the AcOH-Ac2O stirring medium prior to the addn. of the HNO3-NH4NO3 nitrating soln. with Ac2O. After ageing, the remaining I and the nitrating soln. are added and the reaction mixt. is aged again. Thus, the conventional process gives an HMX yield of 67.3%, whereas preaddn. of 4 g I and subsequent addn. of 20.3 g I gave yields of 80.4 and 62.2% (based on exclusion and inclusion of the preadded I).

Bibliographic Information

Pollution abatement in the military explosives industry. Patterson, J. W.; Shapira, N. I.; Brown, J. Illinois Inst. Technol., Chicago, Ill., USA. Proc. Ind. Waste Conf. (1977), Volume Date 1976, 31 385-94. CODEN: PIWCAX Journal written in English. CAN 88:65586 AN 1978:65586 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Conditions and procedures were studied at army, navy, and air force facilities where explosives are manufd., assembled, and packed. The study defines and characterizes wastewater effluents from the military explosive and propellant prodn. industry, and identifies and assesses water-pollution abatement procedures, manufg. changes, water-management programs, and water-treatment technols. Only H2SO4 and HNO3 acids; the explosives TNT [118-96-7], RDX [121-82-4], and HMX [2691-41-0]; and the propellant nitrocellulose [9004-70-0] are considered.

Bibliographic Information

Disposal of pyrotechnic compositions. Shaw, Graham C.; Lawton, Emil A.; Jones, Leon L. (Thiokol Corp., USA). U.S. (1977), 4 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 4057442 19771108 Patent written in English. Application: US 76-671478 19760329. CAN 88:52663 AN 1978:52663 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 4057442 A 19771108 US 1976-671478 19760329

Abstract

A pollution-free method for disposal of propellant and pyrotechnic compns. in a polymeric matrix is provided wherein the polymer is depolymd. and the oxidizers and fluels are recovered without reacting. Thus, a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant contg. Al and NH4ClO4 is treated with .apprx.1-15 wt.% AlCl3 in THF, refluxed 4 h or allowed to stand 18-40 h, filtered, washed with fresh THF, and dried. Quant. recovery of fuel and oxidizers is achieved. Treatment with water gives an NH4ClO4 soln. which is suitable for recrystn. after the undissolved Al is sepd. The Al powder is in a form suitable for recycling.

Bibliographic Information

Toxicological investigations of pilot treatment plant wastewaters at Holston Army Ammunition Plant. Stilwell, J. M.; Eischen, M. A.; Margard, W. L.; Matthews, M. C.; Stanford, T. B. Battelle Columbus Lab., Columbus, Ohio, USA. Avail. NTIS. U. S. NTIS, AD Rep. (1977), (AD-A042601), 56 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1977, 77(21), 106. CODEN: XADRCH Report written in English. CAN 88:41245 AN 1978:41245 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The toxicity of wastewaters from a pilot biol. treatment plant was detd. Manufg. wastewaters from both Area A and Area B were mixed in a ratio of 1:9 by vol., resp. This mixt. was then treated by 2 biol. systems, the 3A system which consisted of an activated-sludge chamber and the 6A system which contained both a trickling filter and an activated-sludge chamber. The 96-h static acute LC50 toxicities of Area A wastes, Area B wastes, the A + B mixt., the 3A system effluent and the 6A system effluent were detd. using fathead minnows. Quant. analyses of RDX [121-82-4], HMX [2691-41-0], TNT [118-96-7], and COD in the test waters were also conducted in conjunction with each test. Other water quality parameters correlated with munitions constituents and fish mortality. In-house Ames Spot tests were conducted on all wastewaters from the pilot plant. The overall results of the on-site bioassay tests indicate that biol. treatment, either activated sludge or the combination trickling-filter-activated sludge, does reduce the toxicity of the wastewaters.

Bibliographic Information

State-of-the-art: military explosives and propellants production industry. Volume III. Wastewater treatment. Patterson, James; Shapira, Norman I.; Brown, John; Duckert, William; Polson, Jack. Am. Def. Prep. Assoc., Washington, D. C., USA. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Off. Res. Dev., [Rep.] EPA (1976), (EPA-600/2-76-213c), 169 pp. CODEN: XPARD6 Report written in English. CAN 87:11084 AN 1977:411084 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Wastewater treatment in the manuf. of TNT [118-96-7], HOAc [64-19-7], Ac2O [108-24-7], HNO3, H2SO4, nitrocellulose [9004-70-0], RDX [121-82-4], HMX [2691-41-0], nitroglycerin [55-63-0], sellite (Na2SO3), cast, solvent, and solventless propellants, and pressed and plastic-bonded explosives is discussed.

Bibliographic Information

State-of-the-art Military Explosives and Propellants Production Industry. Volume I. The military explosives and propellants industry. Patterson, James; Shapira, Norman I.; Brown, John; Duckert, William; Polson, Jack. Am. Def. Prep. Assoc., Washington, D. C., USA. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Off. Res. Dev., [Rep.] EPA (1976), (EPA-600/2-76-213a), 96 pp. CODEN: XPARD6 Report written in English. CAN 86:192060 AN 1977:192060 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The manufg. technol. for explosives and propellants and their intermediates and problems and handling of wastewaters are discussed.

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Takaira, Kazuo; Okazaki, Kazumasa. Chem. Lab., Natl. Def. Acad., Yokosuka, Japan. Kogyo Kayaku (1975), 36(2), 60-5. CODEN: KOKYBR Journal written in Japanese. CAN 86:171410 AN 1977:171410 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The reaction of hexamethylenetetramine(I) with HNO3 in Ac2O to yield the title compd. was investigated. The optimal yield, approx. 70%, was achieved at 40-5° in the molar ratio of I:HNO3:NH4NO3 = 1:6:4. I and its isomer were simultaneously detd. by a scanning calorimeter. I decompd. abruptly at about 250°.

Bibliographic Information

Soluble binders for plastic bonded explosives and propellants. Hooper, John F.; O'Neill, Paul L. (United States Dept. of the Navy, USA). U. S. Pat. Appl. (1976), 10 pp. Avail. NTIS. CODEN: XAXXAV US 678572 19760420 Patent written in English. Application: US 76-678572 19760420. CAN 86:92721 AN 1977:92721 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 678572 A0 19760420 US 1976-678572 19760420

Abstract

Plastic-bonded explosives are prepd. with binders which are water-sol. or safely hydrolyze under dil. acid or basic conditions to facilitate removal of the compns. from obsolete warheads and recovery of the explosive filler. Thus, a compn. contg. HMX [2691-41-0] 82, ethylene oxide-capped polypropylene glycol-trimethylolpropane adduct [52624-57-4] .apprx.2.43, ethylene oxide-capped polypropylene glycol [9003-11-6] .apprx.13.85, Me lysine diisocyanate .apprx.1.72, and Bu2Sn diacetate .apprx.0.0005 wt.% was cast and cured in a glass cylinder. Low pressure jets of water or 5% NH3 soln. dissolved the binder; the NH3 dissolved it quicker than water. The HMX was sepd., collected, and dried.

Bibliographic Information

Inert carrier process application to HMX nitrolysis and recrystallization. Volume I. DADN-HMX chemistry. Schimscheimer, J. F. Chem. Syst. Div., United Technol. Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif., USA. Avail. NTIS. U. S. NTIS, AD Rep. (1976), (AD-A023273), 73 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1976, 76(12), 224. CODEN: XADRCH Report written in English. CAN 85:160054 AN 1976:560054 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The application of the inert carrier process (ICP) to the nitrolysis of HMX was studied. The feasibility on bench scale and pilot plant scale was demonstrated. Design parameters for a complete continuous ICP pilot plant were obtained for the production of crude HMX via DAPT-DADN-HMX technology (DAPT = diacetylpentamethylenetetramine; DADN = 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane).

Bibliographic Information

1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. Siele, Victor I.; Gilbert, Everett E. (United States Dept. of the Army, USA). U.S. (1976), 6 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 3939148 19760217 Patent written in English. Application: US 74-445738 19740225. CAN 84:180317 AN 1976:180317 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 3939148 A 19760217 US 1974-445738 19740225

Abstract

The known explosive I was prepd. by nitration of 1,3,5,7-tetraacyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazacylooctane by HNO3-P2O5, by nitration of 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane with HNO3 or N2O5, or by nitration of 1,5-dipropionyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane with HNO3-P2O5.


Bibliographic Information

Reclaiming and recycling plastic-bonded energetic material. Falterman, Charles W.; Menz, Fred; Silver, Wallace E.; Wiggins, Pearsie S. (United States Dept. of the Navy, USA). U. S. Pat. Appl. (1975), 8 pp. Avail. NTIS. CODEN: XAXXAV US 554358 19750303 Patent written in English. Application: US 75-554358 19750303. CAN 84:152904 AN 1976:152904 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 554358 19750303 US 1975-554358 19750303

Abstract

Solid, plastic-bonded, explosive charges in obsolete or otherwise rejected warheads may be safely removed therefrom for recycling by insertion of detonating cord into the warhead's safe and arm (or other) cavity, filling such cavity with water, and detonating the cord. Normally a portion of the charge is recovered as particles suitable for immediate reuse while the remainder must be broken down to a smaller size. For reuse with a different binder, the original may be removed with solvents or by mech. means. Care must be exercised to avoid use of sufficient detonating cord to initiate sensitive charges. Thus, .apprx.30 g of 50-60 gr/ft Primacord under water in the safe and arm cavity of an MK 38 Mod O warhead (charge 20.1 lbs pressed DATB/nylon) was detonated from the aft end to split the warhead skin and shock out the charge: about 50% was broken into granules resembling the original molding powder and the large pieces were broken down to similar sized particles on soaking 5-30 min in water or other aq. wetting agent.

Bibliographic Information

HMX and RDX synthesis. Coon, C. L.; Guimont, J. M. Stanford Res. Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., USA. Avail. NTIS. U. S. N. T. I. S., AD/A Rep. (1974), (No. 005654/9GA), 90 pp. From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1975, 75(8), 71. CODEN: XTSRDM Report written in English. CAN 83:118022 AN 1975:518022 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The objective of the research was to find potentially inexpensive synthetic routes to HMX [2691-41-0] and RDX [121-82-4] that offer advantages over current procedures. The research concerns addnl. work on the optimization of the amide-triazine process, new procedures for prepn. of HMX, and new nitrolysis procedures. The amidetriazine process was studied to det. the effect of pressure on other reaction parameters. The possible use of Me phosphonamide [56343-49-8], hydroxymethyloxamide [17643-47-9], and bis(chloromethyl)acetamide [56343-50-1] in the prepn. of HMX precursors was studied.

Bibliographic Information

Purification of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine. Lee, Pal L.; Wright, Sam B.; Sims, Glenn E. (United States Dept. of the Army). U.S. (1974), 5 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 3853847 19741210 Patent written in English. Application: US 61-143273 19611002. CAN 82:171118 AN 1975:171118 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 3853847 A 19741210 US 1961-143273 19611002

Abstract

The title nitramine I was purified by heating a portion of the crude I with linear nitramines in AcOH ³98% to .apprx.50-98°, maintaining the slurry for 15-45 min at that temp., cooling to .apprx.30-40°, adding a new increment of crude I, and repeating the cycle for a series of 5 to 10 increment addns. Purities up to 99% are attained.

Bibliographic Information

Nitration. Vrolyk, John J.; Sheeline, Randall D. (Rockwell International Corp.). U.S. (1974), 6 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 3822251 19740702 Patent written in English. Application: US 70-101692 19701228. CAN 82:19165 AN 1975:19165 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 3822251 A 19740702 US 1970-101692 19701228

Abstract

Nitration is conducted by turbulent mixing of the reactants in an inert liq. carrier below its b.p. to control the temp. of the reactions. Thus, an agitator was charged with 1.75 cm3 nitrating acid (50.7% HNO3 [7697-37-2] and 49.3% H2SO4) and 50 cm3 n-C7H16. At 10°, 0.7 cm3 diethylene glycol [111-46-6] was added and mixed under turbulent conditions. The max. temp. rise was only 10°. Three liq. layers were formed, including the reaction product in the center. Conventional processing gave 0.5 cm3 diethylene glycol dinitrate [693-21-0]. HMX [2691-41-0] was also prepd. by nitration of hexamine [131-73-7].

Bibliographic Information

Recovery of HMX [cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine] from scrap PBX-9404 high explosive. Technical report No. 219. Leake, E. E. Dev. Dep., Mason and Hangar-Silas Mason Co., Inc., Burlington, Iowa, USA. Avail. Dep. NTIS. Report (1973), (MHSMB-37), 44 pp. From: Nucl. Sci. Abstr. 1974, 30(1), 2336. Report written in English. CAN 81:172455 AN 1974:572455 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

An investigation was made of the feasibility of recovering HMX [2691-41-0] from the scrap plastic-bonded explosive PBX-9404. Lab. studies led to establishment of a tech. feasible recovery process utilizing concd. HNO3 [7697-37-2] under closely controlled temp. conditions to eliminate the binder. The process was pilot tested to obtain scale-up information. Recovery costs were detd. to be .apprx.4 times that of new HMX. The process is considered to be tech. feasible but not economically attractive at this time.

Bibliographic Information

Direct production of beta-HMX. Robbins, Robert; Boswell, Benjamin C., Jr. (United States Dept. of the Army). U.S. (1973), 6 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 3770721 19731106 Patent written in English. Application: US 56-564428 19560209. CAN 80:49973 AN 1974:49973 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 3770721 A 19731106 US 1956-564428 19560209

Abstract

A process is described for the continuous prodn. of b-HMX in a high yield at 40-50°, repressing formation of the a-, g-, and d-HMX polymorphs. A nitrator was charged with 300 ml HOAc, 25 ml Ac2O, and 8 g paraformaldehyde (I), and the mixt. was heated to 44°, and maintained throughout the process. Three solns., all at 40°, were then continuously fed into the nitrator: (a) hexamine dissolved in 90.4% HOAc at .apprx.100 g/min, (b) a 43.6/56.4 NH4NO3/.apprx.50° B e NHO3 solns. at 22 g/min, and (c) 97.9% Ac2O at 53.3 g/min. I (4 g) was added incrementally every 15 min. After 15 min, the partially reacted material was withdrawn continuously into a 1st-stage pot in which, with rapid stirring, intermediate formation was completed in 15 min. The mixt. was then treated 4 min in a 2nd stirred nitrator with (b) at 33.1 g/min and (c) at 76.8 g/min. The HMX-contg. material was then withdrawn to a surge tank that was emptied every 30 min into one of a series of 2nd-stage pots, where it was stirred 60 min, 1500 ml H2O added, the mixt. stirred 30 min at 98-102° to hydrolyze excess Ac2O and unstable by-products, the slurry filtered, and the solids washed and dried to give 986 g of a 77.5/22.5 b-HMX/RDX product a yield of 0.875 g HMX/g of hexamine.

Bibliographic Information

Recovering cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine from cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine. Wright, Sam B.; Rogers, Julius T. (United States Dept. of the Army). U.S. (1972), 2 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 3637658 19720125 Patent written in English. Application: US 68-779262 19681126. CAN 76:85855 AN 1972:85855 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 3637658 A 19720125 US 1968-779262 19681126

Abstract

Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) was recovered from cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) by crystn. and phys. sepn. Thus 9 kg spent acid was added to 3 kg RDX/spent acid slurry, the mixt. heated to 100° in 30 min, kept 30 min, cooled to 80° in 25 min, kept 30 min, cooled to 60° in 25 min, kept 1 hr, cooled to 30° in 35 min, and filtered. The solids were washed and dried and HMX was recovered by screening.

Bibliographic Information

Octogen manufacture. Cartalas, Rene; Konrat, Jean P.; Molard, Louise. (Etat Francais). Fr. (1971), 8 pp. CODEN: FRXXAK FR 2053804 19710521 Patent written in French. Application: FR 19690718. CAN 76:85850 AN 1972:85850 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
FR 2053804 19710521 FR 19690718

Abstract

In the nitration of hexamethylenetetramine (I) in Ac2O or AcOH by HNO3 and NH4NO3, the octogen (II) is sepd. by filtration without diln. and the soln. heated to 80°, with conversion of Ac2O to AcOH and decompn. of secondary unstable nitration products, and refluxed. Concd. AcOH (e.g., 97%) is recovered by distn. (optionally with AcONa for HNO3 neutralization) at 120-30° in vacuo. Thus, at 44° II contg. hexogen (III) was obtained in about 72% yield (based on I), the recovered AcOH could be reused, and the final residue heated to boiling with water contg. 2% HNO3 yielded 10-15% of a 3:1 mixt. of III and II useful in place of III.

Bibliographic Information

Adducts of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX). III. Adducts with benzene and naphthalene derivatives. Selig, Walter. Lawrence Radiat. Lab., Univ. of California, Livermore, Calif., USA. Explosivstoffe (1969), 17(4), 73-86. CODEN: EXPVA5 Journal written in English. CAN 71:91449 AN 1969:491449 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Adducts, 10 labile and 36 stable at room temp. and all contg. at least 1 amino or phenolic substituted benzene or naphthalene ring, resulted from the reaction of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (I) with promising org. addn. compds. Most adducts are equimolar. They are formed by dissolving I in the addn. compd. on a hot plate. Crystals form on cooling. They were studied with the microscope, differential scanning calorimeter, x-rays, and ir; characteristic properties are reported. In no instance did 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (II) give similar adducts, thus providing a method for sepg. II from I in purifications.

Bibliographic Information

Octogen. (Poudreries Reunies de Belgique, S. A.). Belg. (1968), 10 pp. CODEN: BEXXAL BE 719042 19681015 Patent written in French. Application: BE 19680805. CAN 71:50009 AN 1969:450009 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
BE 719042 19681015 BE 19680805

Abstract

Octogen and, secondarily, hexogen are produced by double nitration of hexamethylenetetramine (I), followed by a post-nitration maturation period of .apprx.1 hr. Thus, 900 ml. HOAc at 44° was mixed with I 100, HNO3 95, HN4NO3 65, and Ac2O 320 g. added in 15 min., then with HNO3 135, NH4NO3 95, and Ac2O 480 g. added in 15-20 min., and the mixt. kept 1 hr. Octogen was sepd. by filtration and hexogen by cooling.

Bibliographic Information

Mechanism of formation of HMX [1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane]. Picard, Jean P. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., USA. Ind. Chim. Belge (1967), 32(Spec. No.), 597-600. CODEN: ICBEAJ Journal written in English. CAN 70:76979 AN 1969:76979 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The addn. of a small quantity of paraformaldehyde increases the yield in the formation of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (I). The isolation and identification of the intermediates formed at various stages, showed the systematic transformation of the hexamine mol., the starting material, into I, and points out 1,5-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane as the main cyclic precursor. Finally, through the use of C14 labeled paraformaldehyde, it was shown that the latter enhanced a more efficient transformation of hexamine into I by acting as a complexing agent through its electrophilic properties towards the N atoms of hexamine mol.

Bibliographic Information

Preparation of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine. (Eastman Kodak Co.). Fr. (1967), 6 pp. CODEN: FRXXAK FR 1476116 19670407 Patent written in French. Application: FR 19660414. CAN 68:39192 AN 1968:39192 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
FR 1476116 19670407 FR 19660414

Abstract

The title compd. (I) may be almost continuously prepd. by nitrolysis of hexamine (II) using a process in which II is treated with NH4NO3 (dissolved in concd. HNO3) in a medium composed of glacial HOAc and Ac2O at 45 ± 2° by means of 2 sep. nitration phases, the temp., the removal of I to an aging zone (45-60 min.), and the addn. of reactants and medium being automatically controlled. During the 2nd nitration phase, some NH4NO3 (dissolved in HNO3 and Ac2O) is initially added (over .apprx.3 min.) to the reactor through one pipe, then more NH4NO3 in the same solvent (using about twice the materials as in the 1st addn.) is added through a 2nd pipe for about 3 min. (time needed to allow stabilization of heat transfer); followed by simultaneous addn. of these substances through both pipes until almost all of II is converted to I (about 20 min.). I may be readily purified or transformed to the b-form. Approx. 35,000 kg. crude I can be produced by this process over a period of about 3 weeks.

Bibliographic Information

Miminal-gas-producing low-detonation explosives. Gates, Robert W. (United States Atomic Energy Commission). U.S. (1967), 6 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 3299811 19670124 Patent written in English. Application: US 19641002. CAN 66:106754 AN 1967:106754 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 3299811 19670124 US 19641002

Abstract

This compn. of an explosive is described that, when used on a small scale, provides an energy source simulating the effect of reactivity excursions on nuclear-reactor containment components. The degree to which excursion conditions are validly simulated and the rate, amt., and duration of energy release results in an accurate estn. of the possible damage. Explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellant compns. do not lend themselves to simulation of long-duration excursions because the rate of energy release is strongly affected by variations of confinement pressure. Thus, Calpoke (I) is an explosive compn. generally formulated of 10-30% PETN, 15-35% Ca(ClO4)2, and 40-60% Al, and has been used extensively to simulate nuclear-reactor excursions. I mostly used had a median compn. of 20% PETN, 25% Ca(ClO4)2, and 55% Al, with a detonation rate of 1250 m./sec. and an energy release of 2500 cal./g. of reacted material. Some finely divided high explosives can be substituted for PETN, like HMX, RDX, and tetryl-picryl nitromethylamine. To formulate I, the PETN or other high explosive mentioned above is finely divided after recrystn. and passing through a 100-mesh sieve; Ca(ClO4)2 is ground in a N atm. to a 35 m or smaller particle size and the Al is in leaf, platelet, or flake form of 100 m or less.

Bibliographic Information

Isolation and purification of HMX. Watters, James W. (United States Dept. of the Navy). U.S. (1967), 3 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 3304300 19670214 Patent written in English. Application: US 19640826. CAN 66:77932 AN 1967:77932 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date
US 3304300 19670214 US 19640826

Abstract

HMX of controlled particle size distribution and mean particle diam. is purified and sepd. from impurities and by-products, such as RDX, without the use of large vols. of solvents or extended manipulation by formation of mol. addn. compds. of HMX with PhNMe2, AcNMe2, or, preferably, HCONMe2 (I) in proportions of 50-1 ml. I/g. HMX at 25° to the b.p. and regeneration of HMX in the beta form by decompn. of the addn. compd. with H2O, Me2CO, MeOH, or mixts. thereof. Thus, .apprx.70 g. of crude product (contg. 55% H2O) from a batch of HMX was dissolved in 120 ml. I, the soln. boiled until clear, filtered hot using hot I to wash the filter, the soln. cooled, filtered, and the ppt. washed with cold I and then cold H2O. The ppt. was then suspended in 100 ml. H2O which was brought just to boiling and the solid sepd. and dried at 80° to yield 23.7 g. HMX contg. 0.2-0.3% RDX. Refluxing with 50% aq. Me2CO reduced the RDX content to less than 0.1%.

Bibliographic Information

Thermal explosion at elevated hydrostatic pressures. Baum, F. A.; Shipitsin, L. A. Fiz. Goreniya Vzryva (1966), (1), 105-11. CODEN: FGVZA7 Journal written in Russian. CAN 66:20689 AN 1967:20689 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

Thermal explosion of octogen, hexogen, and V-6 (m.p. 343) at pressures £600-800 atm. and temps. in the 170-320° range was studied. The charges of explosive were enclosed in Woods metal brought to the desired temp. in an autoclave in which the pressure was maintained by means of a silicone liquid subjected to the action of a pump. At the pressures less than 103 atm. that were applied, the thermophys. properties of the explosives were affected insignificantly; the principal effect of pressure was due to a change in kinetic characteristics. Hence, the relation between the const. K of reaction velocity and pressure p could presumably be expressed in an approx. manner by (.vdelta. ln K/.vdelta.p)T = -DV/RT, (1) where DV is the vol. effect of activation. It follows from (1) that t = A exp [(E + pDV)/RT] (2); (E + pDV)/RT E/RT0 (3), where t is the length of the induction period, E the energy of activation, T the crit. temp. at the pressure p, T0 the crit. temp. at 1 atm., and A a const. Hermetic enclosure of the explosives resulted in a decrease of the crit. values of the temp. and t. Beginning with a min. value of p amounting to several tens of atm., the thermal decompn. could be described by equations (1) and (2). At p greater than 50 atm., T was independent of the temp. This, in the cases of octogen and hexogen, was apparently due to the small value of DV. t increased with p at p greater than 50 atm. and temps. close to the crit. for octogen and hexogen, while it decreased with p both below and above the crit. pressure (p .apprx.50 atm.) for V-6. DV was neg. for V-6 and pos. for octogen and hexogen. The thermal stability of V-6 vs. that of octogen, hexogen, or pentaerythritol tetranitrate decreased with increasing pressure. In expts. with octogen, increasing m/V (m = mass of the explosive charge, V = vol. of liquid in the autoclave) increased the effect of hermetic enclosure in facilitating explosion by keeping the autocatalytically acting gaseous reaction products in the immediate vicinity of the charge. The results indicated that at pressures of the order of 105 atm., E may be significantly lower than in explosions under standard conditions, as has already been pointed out (Teller, CA 57, 4083a).

Bibliographic Information

Production and use of heat-resistant explosives in Hungary. Bassa, Robert; Kompolthy, Tivadar. Chem. Trust, Budapest, Hung. Magy. Kem. Lapja (1966), 21(10), 512-17. CODEN: MGKLAL Journal written in Hungarian. CAN 66:4559 AN 1967:4559 CAPLUS (Copyright 2002 ACS)

Abstract

The manuf. of actagen (I) at the Nitrokemia Co. is described. (CH2)6N4 (1 mole) is dissolved in 10-11 moles of Ac2O, 0.27-0.54 mole paraformaldehyde is added, and the soln. is nitrated at 44° with 5-7 moles of HNO3 (min. 98%) and 3-5 moles of NH4NO3. At the end of the nitration, water and steam are added and the mixt. is kept at 98° for several hrs. The soln. is poured on ice, the ppt. washed to neutrality, and dried. The crude nitrated product is refluxed in AcOMe for 45 min. then the AcOMe is steam distd. The solids are heated in water at 100° for several hrs. to decomp. unstable compds. formed during the nitration, then filtered and dried. The solid contains 30-40% hexogen (II) and 60-70% I. The sepn. is carried out with 3 vols. of AcOMe at 40-50°; the AcOMe dissolves II but not I. The residue is filtered, washed with alc., and dried (m. 268°). The yield is 50-5%.