Density Table

[stanfield]

I need some density table (with the concentration coresponding...)

density table of :
- chlorohydric acid
- sulfuric acid
- ammonia water

a big thanx...

[Lagen]

Here it is:<CENTER>
<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0>
<CAPTION ALIGN=TOP></CAPTION><TR><td width="55"> </td><td width="120">H2SO4</td><td width="55"> </td><td width="120">HCl</td><td width="55"> </td><td width="120">NH3
</td></tr><TR><td>w[%]</td><td>d[g/ml]</td><td>w[%]</td><td>d[g/ml]</td><td>w[%]</td><td>d[g/ml]</td></tr><TR><td>0.5</td><td>1.0016</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.0007</td><td>0.5</td><td> 0.9960
</td></tr><TR><td>1</td><td>1.0049</td><td>1</td><td>1.0031</td><td>1</td><td>0.9938</td></tr><TR><td>2</td><td>1.0116</td><td>2</td><td>1.0081</td><td>2</td><td>0.9895</td></tr><T R><td>3</td><td>1.0183</td><td>3</td><td>1.0130</td><td>3</td><td>0.9853
</td></tr><TR><td>4</td><td>1.0250</td><td>4</td><td>1.0179</td><td>4</td><td>0.9811
</td></tr><TR><td>5</td><td>1.0318</td><td>5</td><td>1.0228</td><td>5</td><td>0.9770</td></tr><TR><td>6</td><td>1.0385</td><td>6</td><td>1.0278</td><td>6</td><td>0.9730
</td></tr><TR><td>7</td><td>1.0453</td><td>7</td><td>1.0327</td><td>7</td><td>0.9690</td></tr><TR><td>8</td><td>1.0522</td><td>8</td><td>1.0377</td><td>8</td><td>0.9651
</td></tr><TR><td>9</td><td>1.0591</td><td>9</td><td>1.0426</td><td>9</td><td>0.9613
</td></tr><TR><td>10</td><td>1.0661</td><td>10</td><td>1.0476</td><td>10</td><td>0.9575</td></tr><TR><td>12</td><td>1.0802</td><td>12
</td><td>1.0576</td><td>12</td><td>0.9502</td></tr><TR><td>14</td><td>1.0947</td><td>14</td><td>1.0676</td><td>14</td><td>0.9431
</td></tr><TR><td>16</td><td>1.1094</td><td>16</td><td>1.0777</td><td>16</td><td>0.9361</td></tr><TR><td>18</td><td>1.1245</td><td>18</td><td>1.0878</td><td>18</td><td>0.9294
</td></tr><TR><td>20</td><td>1.1398</td><td>20</td><td>1.0980</td><td>20</td><td>0.9228
</td></tr><TR><td>22</td><td>1.1554</td><td>22</td><td>1.1083</td><td>22</td><td>0.9164</td></tr><TR><td>24</td><td>1.1714</td><td>24</td><td>1.1185</td><td>24</td><td>0.9102
</td></tr><TR><td>26</td><td>1.1872</td><td>26</td><td>1.1288</td><td>26</td><td>0.9040
</td></tr><TR><td>28</td><td>1.2031</td><td>28</td><td>1.1391</td><td>28</td><td>0.8980</td></tr><TR><td>30</td><td>1.2191</td><td>30</td><td>1.1492</td><td>30</td><td>0.8920
</td></tr><TR><td>32</td><td>1.2353</td><td>32</td><td>1.1594
</td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>34</td><td>1.2518</td><td>34</td><td>1.1693</td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>36</td><td>1.2685</td><td>36</td><td>1.1791</td><td></td><td></td ></tr><TR><td>38</td><td>1.2855</td><td>38</td><td>1.1886
</td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>40</td><td>1.3028</td><td>40</td><td>1.1977</td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>42</td><td>1.3205</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><T R><td>44</td><td>1.3386
</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>46</td><td>1.3570</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>48</td><td>1.3759</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></ td></tr><TR><td>50</td><td>1.3952
</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>52</td><td>1.4149</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>54</td><td>1.4351</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></ td></tr><TR><td>56</td><td>1.4558
</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>58</td><td>1.4770</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>60</td><td>1.4987</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></ td></tr><TR><td>70</td><td>1.6105
</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>80</td><td>1.7272</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>90</td><td>1.8144</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></ td></tr><TR><td>92</td><td>1.8240
</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>94</td><td>1.8312</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>96</td><td>1.8355</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></ td></tr><TR><td>98</td><td>1.8361
</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><TR><td>100</td><td>1.8305</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table></CENTER>


[This message has been edited by Lagen (edited August 03, 2001).]

[stanfield]

The last value in the sulfuric acid table is wrong...

[stanfield]

is it 1.8735 ?

thanx...

[stanfield]

no, sorry !
1.8375 ?

[Lagen]

Nope. It is not wrong. Sulfuric acid has a maximum of density at 97% and beyond that the density DECREASES. It is a misconception to substitute linear approximations here, and sulfuric acid is a perfect example! Such approximations usually work for very low concentrations only (in the range 1-5%, but not 0-1%). BTW, if you boil down your sulfuric acid, this effect will cause no problems with concentration measurements. You can only boil down H2SO4 to about 96%. You will notice that the rest will boil off at a lower temperature, than the literature b.p. of pure H2SO4. Oh, and I forgot: all the data is for 20°C.

[This message has been edited by Lagen (edited August 04, 2001).]

[Lagen]

Here's another example which might explain it: Mixing water and alcohols. The common misconception is that the density value results just from mixing constant volumes of materials with different densities: d=(d1V1+d2V2)/(V1+V2). Say you've got 100g of 100% EtOH:

100g 100% EtOH @ 0.7893 g/ml = 126.69 ml
You water it down to 96%: +4.17g H2O
104.17g 96% EtOH @ 0.8013 g/ml = 130.00 ml

But: By simply adding up the volumes of the starting materials 126.69+4.17=130.86ml. That means that the mixture of the two has a lower volume - it shrinked! To verify that this is not a peculiarity occuring near 100%, go on to 90%:
+6.94g H2O = 111.11g 90% EtOH @ 0.8180 g/ml = 135.833 ml while it "should" be 137.8 ml.
Same is true of methanol:
100g 100% MeOH @ 0.7917 g/ml = 126.31 ml
+11.11g H2O = 111.11g 90% MeOH @ 0.8204 g/ml = 135.44 ml ("should" be 137.41 ml) etc.

The reverse of this, when you take away the water, and the volume inflates, is called "dilatation". This is what happens in the sulfuric acid above 97% concentration. It is not obvious why this happens only above 97% while in alcohols this can be taken further. Therefore you should better trust the literature data and if you distrust them, prove them wrong first!

[vulture]

dumb question: How can you know if you've got 94% or 100% cause the density is almost the same?

------------------
"I just need some tolene...tolyl? How you call that stuff mam, need to help my mother painting..."

[Lagen]

Weight the sample, precipitate the sulfate with barium, weight the precipitate, calculate the conc.

Without destroying the sample, you could test for its refractive index.

There is an indicative estimation I use to test the boiled acid that has been stored for a long time - drop some on tissue paper etc. - with the conc. at 90%, the paper slowly gets brown or purple, but at 97% it turns into a black sponge of carbon instantly with characteristic sound. With
some practice you can estimate the conc. to the percent (you'll have to stick to a particular brand of paper, tho)

[rikkitikkitavi]

heat the acid gently: if it is 100% it will fume a LOT because it gives of SO3 until the concentration reaches 98.3 % H2SO4 (azeotrope) , 94 % would give off water vapour until it reaches 98.3 % .

Freezing point of 100 % acid is around +10 C,
freezing point of 94 % acid is around -20 C.

/rickard

[vulture]

I heated it outside, but i couldn't tell if the fumes that were coming were just water or SO3, cause it was very humid outside. How do i distinguish SO3 fumes from steam?
I kept it at 110C for 10 min and stirred, but it didn't start to bubble so i guess there wasn't much water in it anymore.

I know it's very concentrated cause i was able to make fuming nitric acid with it(almost poisoned myself with NO2 opening the bottle inside, damn that gives a headache). I'll try the freezing point method. Thanks alot.

------------------
"I just need some tolene...tolyl? How you call that stuff mam, need to help my mother painting..."

[Lagen]

Heating the acid to 110°C is not sufficient to verify the absence of water. The point at which the water boils off gradually increases to the 300°C levels as the conc. approaches the azeotrope. A quicker way of doing this would be taking a small sample and heating it in a test tube over the stove directly, but very gently! Point the tube in a safe direction and wear some protection, it tends to bump very violently! If there is a lot of water in it, it will boil vigorously at first, the highly concentrated acid is quite calm and gives off the typical fumes. You can ditinguish them from water vapour, they move slowly in the air, and dont disappear in a few seconds, like water vapour does. They are very irritant to the lungs, but the mixed fumes at lower concentrations are as well.
And, you can make about 96% HNO3 with just 93% H2SO4, H2SO4 has a very high affinity for water until about 65% conc.

[DBSP]

Lagen I just wonder were you got those density tables. And does anyone know off any website that has lots of specific info about
chemicals and specificly density tables.

------------------
¤monte¤

[Lagen]

The web is not a good source of such info. Libraries are much better. But I do happen to have a small PDF with these and a couple other tables. Unfortunately my site got deleted so I can't provide a link. Maybe I'll set up another account and upload just this file to see if it gets deleted again. And I'll mail it to you.

And where I got this one? Long, long ago, somehow I managed to sign up for the online version of the CRC book. Then saved everything to disk. It was just 50MB, but there were 2126 files if I remember correctly... Needless to say my hand got a bit sore...

[DBSP]

Lagen has mailed me the file containing tables for about 65 different chemicals, it's a small pdf. With Lagens permission I have upploaded the file to:
http://www.geocities.com/bboommse/boom.html
you can either view it in your browser or download it to your computer...

mery x-mas people!!

------------------
¤monte¤

[Lagen]

Finally I succeeded uploading the tables to my original URL, http://Lagen.KGB.cz and added a few more files. A mirror will be maintained at http://Lagen.wz.cz and a .TO redirect is available at http://go.to/Lagen (with popup ad http://theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/frown.gif). From time to time I may upload things http://theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/smile.gif.

Stay in one piece, Everyone!