What type of organism?...your type..
Ayahoasca: an experimental psychosis that mirrors the transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia
Pomilio AB, Vitale AA, Ciprian-Ollivier J, Cetkovich-Bakmas M, Gomez R, Vazquez G
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
65: (1) 29-51 APR 1999
Document type: Review Language: English Cited References: 125 Times Cited: 0
Abstract:
The experimental psychosis observed after drinking Ayahoasca, a South American hallucinogenic beverage from the Amazon Indians, reproduces the pathologic transmethylation theory of schizophrenia. This theory postulates a decrease in the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, which results in the accumulation of methylated indolealkylamines, such as bufotenin (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. These substances are strong hallucinogens as has been previously confirmed experimentally. On the other hand, it is known that Ayahoasca is a beverage usually prepared by boiling two plants, one of them rich in beta-carbolines, which are naturally occurring strong inhibitors of MAO, and the other with high quantities of DMT. This particular combination reproduces what is supposed to occur under pathologic conditions of different psychoses. The effects of Ayahoasca were studied in subjects, assessing urine levels of DMT by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) before and after the intake of the beverage. The results of this study confirm that the hallucinogenic compounds detected in the healthy subjects' (post-Hoasca, but not before) urine samples are the same as those found in samples from acute psychotic unmedicated patients. The chemical composition of the Ayahoasca beverage, and of the plant material used for its preparation are also reported as well as psychometric and neuroendocrine subject parameters. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
There's something in there producing this for you, or at least there is the possibility in some genotypes:
Transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia(Stam et al., 1969; Smythies, 1983) proposes that,due to enzymatic disturbances (Buscaý´no et al.,1966, 1969), schizophrenic patients produce high amounts of methylated indolealkylamines, such as bufotenin (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)(Fuller et al., 1994), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)(Friedhoff and Van Winkle, 1964; Fischer et al., 1971; Ciprian-Ollivier et al., 1986), which are strong hallucinogenic compounds for healthy sub-jects.These substances are preferential substrates for monoamine oxidase (MAO), in a way that when a high single dose is given, 30 min later only 1% can be recovered from blood and:or urine samples (Hryhorczuk et al., 1986; Sitaram and
McLeod, 1990). In spite of this high turn-over,methylated indolealkylamines have been reported in urine samples from psychiatric patients, not only schizophrenics (Tanimukai et al., 1970; Saavedra and Axelrod, 1972; Strahilevitz et al.,
1975). In our previous work (Ciprian-Ollivier et al., 1986, 1988; Ciprian-Ollivier, 1991), in agree-ment with other authors (Rodnight et al., 1978; Murray et al., 1979; Checkley et al., 1980), it has been proposed that these compounds are related to perceptual disturbances, remarking that not only true hallucinations but more subtle percep-tual disturbances are present in several entities.
Therefore, methylated indolealkylamines may play the role of ‘state markers’ for clinical or subclinical psychoses rather than being a trait of any diagnostic category. Their accumulation in patients could be caused either by an acceleration in the kinetics of their production or, and most probably, by a decrease in the kinetics of the
enzyme (MAO) responsible for the breakdown of the methylated indolealkylamines (Mc Geer et al., 1978; Ra¨isa ¨nen and Ka¨rkka¨inen, 1978, 1979). Many reports are known of decreased MAO ac-tivity in schizophrenia, which are thus in agree-ment with this theory (Davis et al., 1982).
Decreased MAO activity allows the accumulation of indolealkylamines, crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB) and acting on the central nervous system (CNS), due to the fact that these com-pounds are not necessarily produced within CNS. mystic states that clearly mirrors this situation. Ayahoasca or Hoasca tea (the Brazilian name for
Ayahuasca; see Section 1.1) is essentially made by boiling two plants, Banisteriopsis caapi and Psy-chotria 6iridis. The first is rich in b-carbolines derivatives, which are strong natural MAO in-hibitors, and the second contains high amounts of DMT, being an important natural source of this compound (Rivier and Lindgren, 1972; McKenna
et al., 1984; McKenna and Towers, 1985; McKenna et al., 1986). In an empirical way, Amazon shamans discovered, many years ago, that in order to have the hallucinogenic effect of one of the plants, Psychotria sp., the presence of
the other, B. caapi, was needed. Therefore, pe-ripheral MAO inhibition by b-carbolines allows the concentration of DMT and further BBB crossing, thus exerting their hallucinogenic effects in the CNS.
btw-I have no clue why those random dashes copied in when I pasted this...??
Begin with the dissolution of superfluous matters
So that desire and consciousness are free