Ayahuasca Analogues
by Crazy Fingers
This page is a copy of the tables from Jonathan Ott's Ayahuasca Analogues, copied, of course, without permission. If Mr. Ott or his publishers would like me to remove this, I ask that they e-mail me before threatening me legally, and I'll be happy to delete this page. This is for informational purposes, for those of us who do not have access to the Amazon but still want to explore the entheogenic properties of Ayahuasca. All standard disclaimers apply.
First of all, before I relate the tables, I will say a few words about what Ayahuasca is. Ayahuasca, also called Yaje or Yage, is a pan-Amazonian brew used shamanically. It most often involves the combination of Banisteriopsis caapi vine with other plants, usually plants containing tryptamines. B. caapi contains beta-carbolines which, in low doses, potentiate the effects of other entheogens. The basic chemical mechanism for Ayahuasca, as near as I can tell from my reading, and I'm no expert, is combination of a beta-carboline with a tryptamine, usually DMT.
Six tables are below:
Table I--Ayahuasca Additive Plants.
Table II-A--Reported Analyses of Ayahuasca Plants.
Table II-B--Reported Analyses of Ayahuasca Leaf Admixtures.
Table II-C--Reported Analyses of Ayahuasca Potions
Table IV-A--Plants Containing MAO-Inhibiting Beta-Carbolines.
Table IV-B--Plants Containing Entheogenic Tryptamines.
All notes have been removed, this is just the barest essentials of information.
Also below: Concentrations of DMT material in a few plant species and an extraction method for the Ayahuasca analogue.
Other sites of interest: Dimitri's Ayahuasca definition, Dimitri's Shamanism page which has lots of good information on the cultural use of Ayahuasca, Beta-Carbolines and the Tryptamines FAQ at the hyperreal.com drug archives.
IMPORTANT: Beta-carbolines are reversible MAO inhibitors. If you don't watch your diet six hours before and after using them, YOU COULD DIE!!!!! Check out the dietary restrictions for MAOI use at hyperreal.com.
Table I--Ayahuasca Additive Plants.
ACANTHACEAE
Teliostachya lanceolata
AMARANTHACEAE
Alternanthera lehmannii
Iresine sp.
APOCYNACEAE
Himatanthus sucuuba
Malouetia tamaquarina
Mandevilla scabra
Tabernaemontana sp.
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex guayusa
ARACEAE
Montrichardia arborescens
BIGNONIACEAE
Mansoa alliacea
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia sp.
Tynnanthus panurensis
BOMBACACEAE
Cavanillesia hylogeiton
Cavanillesia umbellata
Ceiba pentandra
Chorisia insignis
Chorisia speciosa
Quararibea "ishpingo"
BORAGINACEAE
Tournefortia angustifolia
CACTACEAE
Epiphyllum sp.
Opuntia sp.
CARYOCARACEAE
Anthodiscus pilosus
CELASTRACEAE
Maytenus ebenifola
CYCLANTHACEAE
Carludovica divergens
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Lomariopsis japurensis
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Erythroxylum coca
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
Erythroxylum coca
EUPHORBIACEAE
Alchornea castaneifolia
Hura crepitans
GNETACEAE
Gnetum nodiflorum
GUTTIFERAE
Clusia sp.
Tovomita sp.
LABIATAE
Ocimum micranthum
LECYTHIDACEAE
Couroupita guianensis
LEGUMINOSAE
Bauhinia guianensis
Caesalpinia echinata
Calliandra angustifolia
Campsiandra laurifolia
Cedrelinga castaneiformis
Erythrina glauca
Erythrina poeppigiana
Pithecellobium laetum
Sclerobium setiferum
Vouacapoua americana
LORANTHACEAE
Phrygilanthus eugenioides
Phtirusa pyrifolia
MALPIGHIACEAE
Diplopterys cabrerana
Diplopterys involuta (=Mezia includens)
Mascagnia psilophylla (var. antifebrilis = Cabi paraensis; Callaeum antifebrile)
Stigmaphyllon fulgens
MARANTACEAE
Calathea veitchiana
MENISPERMACEAE
Abuta grandifolia
MORACEAE
Coussapa tessmannii
Ficus insipida
Ficus ruiziana
Ficus sp.
MYRISTICACEAE
Virola sp.
Virola surinamensis
NYMPHIACEAE
Caboma aquatica
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Petiveria alliaceae
PIPERACEAE
Piper sp.
POLYGONACEAE
Triplaris surinamensis
Triplaris surinamensis var. chamissoana
PONTEDERIACEAE
Pontederia cordata
RUBIACEAE
Calycophyllum spruceanum
Capirona decoriticans
Guettarda ferox
Psychotria carthaginensis
Psychotria psychotriaefolia
Psychotria "batsikawa"
Psychotria "nai kawa"
Psychotria "pishikawa"
Psychotria viridis
Rudgea retifolia
Sabicea amazonensis
Uncaria guianensis
SAPINDACEAE
Paullinia yoco
SCHIZAEACEAE
Lygodium venustum
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Scoparia dulcis
SOLANACEAE
Brugmansia insignis
Brugmansia suaveolens
Brunfelsia chiricaspi
Brunfelsia grandiflora
Brunfelsia grandiflora subsp schultesii
Capsicum sp.
Iochroma fuchsioides
Juanulloa ochracea
Nicotiana rustica
Nicotiana tabacum
VERBENACEAE
Cornutia odorata
Vitex triflora
VIOLACEAE
Rinorea viridiflora
Table II-A--Reported Analyses of Ayahuasca [B. caapi] Plants (Dried Stems)
.........................................Alkaloid Range.............Average
Hochstein & Paradies 1957 (1) --- 0.30%
Poisson 1965 (1 sample) --- 0.21%
Schultes et al 1969 (2 samples) 0.40-0.50% 0.45%
Rivier & Lindgren 1972 (15 samples) 0.05-0.83% 0.35%
McKenna et al 1984 (6 samples) 0.17-1.36% 0.78%
Overall Average (all 25 samples) 0.05-1.36% 0.45%
Table II-B--Reported Analyses of Ayahuasca Leaf Admixture.
..........................................DMT Range.................Average
Diplopterys cabrerana
Poisson 1965 (1 sample) --- 0.64%
Der Marderosian et al 1968 (1) 1.33-1.75% 1.46%
Agurell et al 1968 (1 sample) --- 0.46%
McKenna et al 1984 (1 sample) --- 0.17%
Overall Average (all 4 samples) 0.17-1.75% 0.68%
Psychotria species (P. viridis, P. carthaginensis, nai kawa)
Der Marderosian et al 1970 1970 (4) 0.16-0.22% 0.19%
Rivier & Lindgren 1972 (3) 0.00-0.66% 0.33%
McKenna et al 1984 (4) 0.00-0.16% 0.10%
Overall average (all 11 samples) 0.00-0.66% 0.20%
Table II-C--Reported Analyses of Ayahuasca Potions (Average Per Dose)
...........................................Beta-Carbolines..........DMT
Der Marderosian et al 1970 (1) 20 mg 30 mg
Rivier & Lindgren 1972 (9) 40 mg 25 mg
McKenna et al 1984 (5) 401 mg 36 mg
Liwszyc et al 1992 (1, Santo Daime) 144 mg 26 mg
Overall Average (all 16 samples) 158 mg 29 mg
References:
Agurell, S. et al. 1968. "Alkaloid content of Bansteriopsis rusbyana."
American Journal of Pharmacy 140(5): 148-151.
Agurell, S. et al. 1969. "Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other
South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest." Acta Chemica
Scandinavica 23(3): 903-916.
Der Marderosian, A. H. et al. 1968. "Native use and occurence [sic] of N,N-
dimethyltryptamine in the leaves of Banisteriopsis rusbyana." American
Journal of Pharmacy 140(5): 137-147.
Hochstein, F. A. and A. M. Paradies. 1957. "Alkaloids of Banisteria caapi and
Prestonia amazonicum [sic]." Journal of the American Chemical Society
79: 5735-5736.
Liwszyc, G. E. et al. 1992. "Daime--A ritual herbal potion." Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 36(1): 91-92.
McKenna, D. J. et al. 1984. "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American
hallucinogenic plants: Tryptamine and Beta-Carboline constituents of
ayahuasca." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 10(2): 195-223.
Poisson, J. 1965. "Note surle 'Natem', boisson toxique peruvienne et es
alcaloides" Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises 23(4): 241-244.
Schultes, R. E. 1969. "De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo tropicale
commentationes V. Virola as an orally administered hallucinogen"
Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 22(6): 229-240.
Table IV-B--Plants Containing Entheogenic Tryptamines.
Letters in square brackets refer to DMT and 5-MeO-DMT [5MD] in leaves [l],
seeds , pods [p], stems [st], bark , roots [r], flowers [f], fruit [fr],
root bark [rb], or whole plant [w].
ACANTHACEAE
* Justicia pectoralis [DMT,l]
AGARICACEAE
* Amanita citrina [DMT,5MD,w]
* Amanita porphyria [5MD,w]
AIZOACEAE
* Delosperma sp. [DMT]
GRAMINEAE
* Arundo donax [DMT,l,r,f]
- ALKALOIDS Plant 5,000 ppm (0.5 % - propably dry material)
- 5-METHOXY-N-METHYLTRYPTAMINE Plant, BUFOTENIDINE Rhizome,
BUFOTENINE Leaf, DEHYDROBUFOTENINE Rhizome, DONAXARIDINE Plant,
DONAXERINE Rhizome, DONAXINE Rhizome, ELEAGNINE Flower,
FRIEDELIN Leaf, GRAMINE Rhizome, GRAMINE-METHOHYDROXIDE Flower,
GRAMINE-N-OXIDE Plant 700 ppm, N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Leaf,
N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE-METHOHYDROXIDE Flower
* Phalaris arundinacea [DMT,5MD,l,w]
From the usenet (dry material):
Source 1. DMT 0.060%
Source 2. Alkaloids 0.004-0.121%
* Phalaris tuberosa (= P. aquatica) [DMT,5MD,l]
From the usenet (dry material):
Source 1. DMT 0.100%
5-MeO-DMT 0.022%
5-OH-DMT 0.005%
Source 2. DMT 0.170%
5-MeO-DMT 0.060%
Source 3. Alkaloids 0.007-0.18%
* Phragmites australis [DMT,r]
LEGUMINOSAE
* Acacia confusa [DMT,st]
* Acacia maidenii [DMT,b]
* Acacia nubica [DMT,l]
* Acacia phlebophylla [DMT,l]
* Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha [DMT,l]
* Acacia senegal [DMT,l]
- CYSTEINE Plant, D-PINITOL Leaf, DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Plant,
ERYTHRODIOL Plant, LEUCINE Plant
* Acacia simplicifolia [DMT,b,l,st]
* Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (= Piptadenia macrocarpa) [DMT,s,p]
- BUFOTENINE Seed, N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Seed, TRYPTAMINES Seed
* Anadenanthera excelsa [DMT,s,p]
* Anadenanthera peregrina [DMT,5MD,b,l,s,p]
- 1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDRO-6-METHOXY-2,9-DIMETHYL-BETA-CARBOLINE Plant,
1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDRO-6-METHOXY-2-METHYL-BETA-CARBOLINE Plant,
5-METHOXY-N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Bark,
5-METHOXY-N-METHYLTRYPTAMINE Bark, BUFOTENINE Plant,
BUFOTENINE-OXIDE Fruit, N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Fruit,
N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE-OXIDE Fruit, N-METHYLTRYPTAMINE Bark,
HOMOORIENTINE Leaf, LEUCOANTHOCYANIN Plant,
LEUCOPELARGONIDOL Plant, ORIENTIN Leaf, SAPONARETIN Leaf,
VITERINE Leaf
* Desmanthus illineonsis [DMT,r,rb]
- DMT (root) 0.200% (dry material)
DMT (root bark) 0.340% (dry material)
* Desmodium caudatum [DMT,r,st]
* Desmodium gangeticum [DMT,5MD,w,r,st,l]
- 2'HYDROXYGENISTEIN Leaf Diffusate 14 ppm,
GENISTEIN Leaf Diffusate 8 ppm
* Desmodium gyrans [DMT,5MD,l,r]
* Desmodium pulchellum [DMT,5MD,w,r,st,l,f]
- BETULIN Root
* Desmodium racemosum [5MD,w]
* Desmodium triflorum [DMT-N-oxide,r]
* Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica [DMT,5MD,l,rb]
5-METHOXY-N-METHYLTRYPTAMINE Bark, BUFOTENINE Plant,
BUFOTENINE-OXIDE Fruit, N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Fruit,
N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE-OXIDE Fruit, N-METHYLTRYPTAMINE Bark,
HOMOORIENTINE Leaf, LEUCOANTHOCYANIN Plant,
LEUCOPELARGONIDOL Plant, ORIENTIN Leaf, SAPONARETIN Leaf,
VITERINE Leaf
* Desmanthus illineonsis [DMT,r,rb]
- DMT (root) 0.200% (dry material)
DMT (root bark) 0.340% (dry material)
* Desmodium caudatum [DMT,r,st]
* Desmodium gangeticum [DMT,5MD,w,r,st,l]
- 2'HYDROXYGENISTEIN Leaf Diffusate 14 ppm,
GENISTEIN Leaf Diffusate 8 ppm
* Desmodium gyrans [DMT,5MD,l,r]
* Desmodium pulchellum [DMT,5MD,w,r,st,l,f]
- BETULIN Root
* Desmodium racemosum [5MD,w]
* Desmodium triflorum [DMT-N-oxide,r]
* Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica [DMT,5MD,l,rb]
* Mimosa hostilis [DMT,r]
- N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Plant, NIGERINE Plant
- DMT root 0.57% (propably fresh (=wet) material)
* Mimosa scabrella [DMT,b]
* Mimosa tenuiflora [DMT,5MD,b]
* Mucuna pruriens [DMT,5MD,l,s,st,r]
- GENISTEIN Leaf Diffusate 6 ppm, HYDROXYGENISTEIN Leaf
Diffusate 14 ppm
* Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides [DMT,l,st]
MALPIGHIACEAE
* Banisteriopsis muricata (= B. argentea) [DMT,st,l]
* Diplopterys cabrerana (=Banisteriopsis rusbyana) [DMT,5MD,l]
MYRISTICACEAE
* Iryanthera ulei [5MD,b]
* Osteophloem platyspermum [DMT,5MD,b]
* Virola calophylla [DMT,5MD,b,r,l,s,f]
- 5-METHOXY-N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Bark, N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE
Bark, N-MONOMETHYLTRYPTAMINE Bark
- Origin: Manaus Brazil (dry plant material)
Bark:
- DMT 0.008%
- 5-MeO-DMT trace
Root:
- DMT and 5-MeO-DMT trace
Flow, shoots:
- DMT 0.185%
- N-Methyltryptamine (MMT) 0.008%
Leaves:
- DMT 0.149%
- MMT 0.006%
* Virola carinata [DMT,l]
* Virola divergens [DMT,l]
* Virola elongata [DMT,5MD,b,l]
* Virola melinonii [DMT,b]
* Virola multinervia [DMT,5MD,b,r]
* Virola pavonis [DMT,l]
* Virola peruviana [DMT,5MD,b]
- Mainly 5-MeO-DMT , small amounts DMT
and 5-Methoxy-tryptamine
* Virola rufula [DMT,5MD,b,r,l]
- Origin: Manaus Brazil (dry plant material)
Bark:
- 5-MeO-DMT 0.190%
- DMT 0.008%
- 5-MeO-MMT trace
- 2-Methyl-6-MeO-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-_-carboline
(6-MeO-THC) trace
Root:
- 5-MeO-DMT 0.135%
- 5-MeO-MMT 0.006%
- DMT 0.001%
- 6-MeO-THC trace
Leaves:
- DMT 0.092%
- MMT 0.006%
* Virola sebifera [DMT,b]
* Virola theiodora [DMT,5MD,b,r,l,f]
- Origin: Manaus Brazil (dry plant material)
Bark:
- DMT 0.130%
- 5-Meo-DMT 0.110%
- 6-MeO-THC 0.010%
- N-Methyltryptamine (MMT) 0.003%
Root:
- 5-MeO-DMT 0.010%
- DMT 0.004%
- 5-MeO-MMT 0.003%
Flow, shoots:
- DMT 0.440%
- MMT 0.033%
Leaves:
- DMT 0.044%
- 5-MeO-DMT trace
- Origin: Tototobi Brazil (dry plant material)
Bark:
- DMT 0.033%
- 5-Meo-DMT 0.062%
Leaves:
- DMT 0.021%
- Methyl-THC trace
* Virola venosa [DMT,5MD,r,l]
OCHNACEAE
* Testulea gabonensis [DMT,b,rb]
POLYGONACEAE
* Erigonum sp. [DMT]
RUBIACEAE
* Psychotria carthaginensis [DMT,l]
- Also N-methyltryptamine and N-methyltetrahydro-_-carboline
* Psychotria viridis (= P. psychotriaefolia) [DMT,l]
- Also N-methyltryptamine and N-methyltetrahydro-_-carboline
Average DMT contents on leaves of different P. species is 0.2%
(dry material)
RUTACEAE
* Dictyoloma incanescens [5MD,l]
* Dutaillyea drupacea [5MD,l]
* Dutaillyea oreophila [5MD,l]
* Evodia rutaecarpa [5MD,l]
* Limonia acidissima [5MD,st]
- ESTRAGOLE Leaf 6,570 ppm, ISOPIMPINELLIN Root, MARMESIN Bark
160 ppm, ORIENTIN Leaf, PECTIN Fruit 30,000 - 160,000 ppm,
PSORALEN Leaf, SPONARIN Leaf, STIGMASTEROL Fruit 150 ppm,
STIGMASTEROL Leaf 120 ppm, VITEXIN Leaf
* Melicope leptococca [5MD,l,st]
* Pilocarpus organensis [5MD,l]
* Vepris ampody [DMT,l]
* Zanthoxylum arborescens [DMT,l]
* Zanthoxylum procerum [DMT,l]
Table IV-A--Plants Containing MAO-Inhibiting Beta-Carbolines.
AGARICACEAE
Coriolus maximus [Harman]
APOCYNACEAE
Amsonia tabernaemontana [Harmine etc.]
Apocynum cannabinum [Harmalol]
Ochrosia nakaiana [Harman]
BIGNONIACEAE
Newbouldia laevis [Harman]
CALYCANTHACEAE
Calycanthus occidentalis [Harmine]
CHENOPODIACEAE
Hammada leptoclada [Tetrahydroharman etc.]
Kochia scoparia [Harmine etc.]
COMBRETACEAE
Guiera senegalensis [Harman etc.]
CYBERACEAE
Carex brevicollis [Harmine etc.]
ELAEAGNACEAE
Elaeagnus augustifolia [Harman etc.]
Elaeagnus hortensis [Tetrahydroharman etc.]
Elaeagnus orientalis [Tetrahydroharman]
Elaeagnus spinosa [Tetrahydroharman]
Hippophae rhammoides [Harman etc.]
Shepherdia argentea [Tetrahydroharmol]
Shepherdia canadensis [Tetrahydroharmol]
GRAMINEAE
Arundo donax [Tetrahydroharman]
Festuca arundinacea [Harman etc.]
Lolium perenne [Harman etc.]
LEGUMINOSAE
Acacia baileyana [Tetrahydroharman]
Acacia complanata [Tetrahydroharman etc.]
Burkea africana [Harman etc.]
Desmodium pulchellum [Harman etc.]
Mucuna pruriens [6-Methoxy-Harman]
Petalostylis labicheoides [Tetrahydroharman]
Prosopis nigra [Harman etc.]
LOGANIACEAE
Strychnos usambarensis [Harman]
MALPIGHIACEAE
Banisteriopsis caapi [Harmine etc.]
Banisteriopsis lutea [Harmine]
Banisteriopsis muricata [Harmine]
Callaeum antifebrile (= Cabe paraensis) [Harmine]
MYRISTICACEAE
Virola cuspidata [6-Methoxy-Harman]
PASSIFLORACEAE
Passiflora actinea [Harman = Passiflorine]
Passiflora alata [Harman]
Passiflora alba [Harman]
Passiflora bryonoides [Harman]
Passiflora caerulea [Harman]
Passiflora capsularis [Harman]
Passiflora decaisneana [Harman]
Passiflora edulis [Harman]
Passiflora eichleriana [Harman]
Passiflora foetida [Harman]
Passiflora incarnata [Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc.]
Passiflora quadrangularis [Harman]
Passiflora ruberosa [Harman]
Passiflora subpeltata [Harman]
Passiflora warmingii [Harman]
POLYGONACEAE
Leptactinia densiflora [Leptaflorine, etc.]
Nauclea diderrichii [Harman etc.]
Ophiorrhiza japonica [Harman]
Pauridiantha callicarpoides [Harman]
Pauridiantha dewevrei [Harman]
Pauridiantha lyalli [Harman]
Pauridiantha viridiflora [Harman]
Simira klugii [Harman]
Simira rubra [Harman]
Uncaria attenuata [Harman]
Uncaria canescens [Harman]
Uncaria orientalis [Harman]
SAPOTACEAE
Chrysophyllum lacouritianum [Norharman etc.]
SYMPLOCACEAE
Symplocos racemosa [Harman]
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Fagonia cretica [Harman]
Peganum harmala [Harmaline, Harmine, etc.]
Tribulus terrestris [Harmine etc.]
Zaygophyllum fabago [Harmine etc.]
Below is information on alkaloid content of various analogues which I've gleaned from Ott's text.
Peganum harmala (seeds): 2-7% beta-carboline
(3g P. harmala + 20 g Acacia phlebophylla leaves work well, according to the text, for a 3.5h experience)
Acacia maidenii (bark): 0.36% DMT
Acacia phlebophylla (leaf): 0.3% DMT
Acacia simplicifolia (bark): 0.81% DMT
Desmanthus illinoensis (root bark): 0.34% DMT
Mimosa hostilis (roots): 0.57% DMT
Virola theiodora (flowers): 0.44% DMT
Pilocarpus organensis (unspecified): 1.06% tryptamines, chiefly 5-MeO-DMT
Vepris ampody (leafy branches): 0.22% DMT
Melicope leptococca (leafy branches): 0.21% 5-MeO-DMT
To prepare the harmala seeds, Ott ground them in a mortar, placed the groundings in enough of a 30% solution of lime juice in water to suspend the seeds in a pot, and brought it rapidly to a boil with stirring. He then filtered the suspension with a coffee filter. The residual solid matter was then added back to the pot and again extracted by the same means, using minimal lime/water. He recommends not using prolonged heating or an excess of water. After filtration, he rinses the pot out with water, and places water over the remaining solid material. He got about 150 mL of extract from 15 g of seeds. He uses the extraction method on combined constituents--D. illinoensis, A. phlebophylla, and P. viridis, each separately with P. harmala--and this seems to work at the proper doses.
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This page maintained by Crazy Fingers, aka Ryan M. Hastings ( rhasting@copper.ucs.indiana.edu).
Last updated 20 January, 1996.
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