It's likely that polysorbate 80 is not the only demon fouling our beakers, but from SWIMs point of view it remains a mostly undefeated enemy. What is written below is presented solely for the hell of it. Neither I nor SWIP wrote any of it. It is a compilation from a variety of sources which are cited whenever they are known.
Some of the data may not be directly relevant, but for the sake of completeness and because SWIPs judgement might not be flawless) the task of determining what should and should not be included is left to the reader.
It is believed that some will find the
section on detergent removal to be particularly interesting. There is also a little bonus section at the end dealing with PEG.
PP
P.S. Appologies in advance for the formatting of the tables.
SWIP worked on them several hours to translate them from a
variety of document types to plain text, only to find out
that the Hive reformats it all after it's posted in. Anyone
who is interested can fairly easily see how it ought to be anyway.
SWIP just doen't have it in him to do it all again, but has the
formatted source which could be uploaded. . .
somewhere?
============================
Polysorbate 80: miscellaneous data.
Multiple entries are separated by a slash (/)
8(e) Number: 8(e)-03636A
CBI? Submission contains confidential business information
CAP? Submitted as part of Compliance Audit Program
Submitter: DOW CHEMICAL U.S.A.
Name(s): MIXTURE: STYRENE,HALOGENATED / DOWANOL DPM / DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER / TWEEN 80
CAS #: CONFIDENTIAL / 034590-94-8 / 034590-94-8 / 009005-65-6
Smoke point 174 C.
Tween(R) 80 [9005-65-6]
Synonyms: armotan pmo-20; capmul poe-o; Sorethytan (20) mono-oleate; Sorlate; Tween 80; Tween(R) 80; (x)-sorbitan mono-9-octadecenoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivs; drewmulse poe-smo; emsorb 6900; glycosperse 0-20; glycosperse 0-20 veg; glycosperse 0-20x; liposorb 0-20; Olothorb; PEG-6 Sorbitan Oleate; POE (20) sorbitan monooleate; POE (5) sorbitan monooleate; POE(6) Sorbitan Monooleate; Polyethylene oxide sorbitan mono-oleate; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate; polyoxyethylene (5) sorbitan monooleate; POLYOXYETHYLENESORBITAN MONOOLEATE (TWEEN 80); Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Monooleate; polysorbate 80; polysorbate 80 b.p.c.; protasorb o-20; sorbimacrogol oleate 300; Sorbitan, mono-9-octadecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivs., (Z)-; Sorbitan, mono-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivs., (Z)-; Sorbitan mono-oleate polyoxyethylene; sorbitan, monooleate polyoxyethylene deriv.;
Physical Properties
Yellow liquid. Hydrophilic emulsifier; solubilizer; dispersant; water soluble.
water sol.: 5-10 g/100 mL at 23 C
Uses
Emulsifier for soluble oil; water dispersible; oil soluble
Standard Report
8(e) NUMBER: 8(e)-03636A
===============================================================
source:
http://www.roche-applied-science.com/indbio/dia/pdf/Biocides_Buffers_and_Detergent/S167.pdf
Tween 80
Specification
Catalog No. 1 1 334 018
Poly(oxyethylene)(20)-sorbitane monooleate
Formula C64H124O27 (w + x + y + z = 20)
Molecular weight 1310
Appearance clear yellow solution in water, 10 % (w/v)
Peroxides (as H2O2) 2 ppm
Conductivity approx. 50 mS
Aldehyde 0.02 mg/ml
Stability at 4 ° C 24 months; under N2 and protected from light
Properties
Detergent type non-ionic polyethylene type
(page also shows molecular structure.)
===========================================
source:
http://www.surfactant.co.kr/surfactants/sorbitan.html
The Properties of Nonionic Surfactants
GENERAL PROPERTY
Composition Appearance HLB OHV SV AV Color Moisture
(at 30¡É) (max.) Gardner, (%, max.)
max.)
Sorbitan Monolaurate Oily liquid 8.6 330~358 158~170 8.0 5 1.5
Sorbitan Monopalmitate Solid 6.7 275~305 140~150 7.5 5 1.5
Sorbitan Monostearate Solid 4.7 230~260 145~157 10.0 5 1.5
Sorbitan Tristearate Solid 2.1 66~80 176~188 14.0 5 1.5
Sorbitan Monooleate Oily liquid 4.3 198~224 143~151 10.0 8 1.0
Sorbitan Sesquioleate Oily liquid 3.7 188~210 149~160 12.0 8 1.0
Sorbitan Trioleate Oily liquid 1.8 56~68 172~186 14.0 9 1.0
SOLUBILITY
Composition Solubility (10% sol., 25¡É)
Water Ethanol n-Hexane Xylene
Sorbitan Monolaurate H S H S
Sorbitan Monopalmitate H D H S
Sorbitan Monostearate H D H S
Sorbitan Tristearate I H D S
Sorbitan Monooleate I S S S
Sorbitan Sesquioleate H S S S
Sorbitan Trioleate I D S S
S : Clearly soluble, H : Hazy, I : Insoluble, D : Slightly soluble,
APPLICATION
Fibre lubricant and softener.
Antistatic agent for plastics and other high molecular products.
Cutting lubricant emulsifier.
Dispersant for ink, pigment.
Defoamer.
Emulsibility adjustor.
Additive for cutting lubricants.
Antistatic agent for Synthetic textiles and resin.
Dyestuff solubilizer.
Emulsifier and dispersant for emulsion paints.
Antigogging agents for plastic films.
GENERAL PROPERTY
Composition Appearance HLB OHV SV AV Color Moisture
(at 30¡É) (max.) Gardner, (%, max.)
max.)
POE(20) Sorbitan Monolaurate Oily liquid 16.7 96~108 40~50 2.2 5 2.5
POE(20) Sorbitan Monopalmitate Paste 15.6 89~105 43~49 2.0 4 2.5
POE(20) Sorbitan Monostearate Paste 14.9 81~96 45~55 2.2 4 3.0
POE(20) Sorbitan Tristearate Paste 10.5 44~60 88~98 2.0 4 3.0
POE(6) Sorbitan Monooleate Oily liquid 10.0 134~150 96~104 2.0 6 3.0
POE(20) Sorbitan Monooleate Oily liquid 15.0 65~80 45~55 2.2 6 3.0
POE(20) Sorbitan Trioleate Oily liquid 11.0 39~52 83~93 2.0 6 4.8
SOLUBILITY
Composition Solubility (10% sol., 25¡É)
Water Ethanol n-Hexane Xylene
POE(20) Sorbitan Monolaurate S S I D
POE(20) Sorbitan MonopalmitateS S I D
POE(20) Sorbitan Monostearate S S I D
POE(20) Sorbitan Tristearate G S S D
POE(6) Sorbitan Monooleate G S S D
POE(20) Sorbitan Monooleate S S I D
POE(20) Sorbitan Trioleate G S S H
S : Clearly soluble, H : Hazy, I : Insoluble, D : Slightly soluble, G : Gel
APPLICATION
Fibre lubricant and softener.
Antistatic agent for plastics and other high molecular products.
Cutting lubricant emulsifier.
Dispersant for ink, pigment.
Defoamer.
Emulsibility adjustor.
Additive for cutting lubricants.
Antistatic agent for Synthetic textiles and resin.
Dyestuff solubilizer.
Emulsifier and dispersant for emulsion paints.
Solubilizer for colorants.
Discussion
Nonionic surfactants become water soluble by the hydration of ether oxygens of the
polyoxyethylene group. The longer chain of ethylene oxides containing ether oxygens is,
the more hydration, and consequently, the more solubility. An increase in temperature
causes the cleavage of the hydrogen bond between the ether oxygen of the ethylene oxide
group and the hydrated hydrogen to the ether oxygen.
The depletion of water from nonionics results in the decreases of the water solubility
of nonionics. The water depleted nonionic surfactant solution, therefore, becomes turbid
and seperates into two phases including a insoluble hydrophobic precipitate. This sudden
onsetting of turbidity of a nonionic surfactant solution when the temperature is raised is
called the "cloud point". In general, nonionics having a longer polyoxyethylene chain
consequently have a higer cloud point, meaning a greater capacity to hydrate.
The Concept of HLB
The term "HLB" was first employed by the lab staff of the Atlas Powder Co. in America.
This means the balance between the oil soluble and water soluble moieties in a surface
active molecule, and is expressed as the "Hydrophile-Liphophile Balance". A more oil-
soluble emulsifier shows a lower HLB and a more water-soluble emulsifier shows the reverse.
HLB is a very useful method in selecting an emulsifier, but it still has several limitations
to application for every surfactant. The HLB concept is not enough to describe all the
characteristics of emulsion.
Calculation of the HLB number from a mixture of surfactants
The HLB number of a mixture composed of x% of surfactants of HLB A and y% of surfactants
of HLB B is obtained by the following formula.
HLB ( A + B ) = ( Ax + By ) / ( x + y )
For instance, if 60 wt.% of POE(3) Octyl Phenol of HLB number 8 is mixed with 40 wt.% of
POE(5) Nonyl Phenol of HLB number 10, then the HLB number of this mixture becomes 8.8.
Reversely, to make the mixture of HLB number 11 which is composed of POE(15) Nonyl Phenol
of HLB number 15 and POE(2) Nonyl Phenol of HLB number 5.5, then one should mix 42 wt.% of
POE(2) Nonyl Phenol wuth 58 wt.% of POE(15) Nonyl Phenol.
source:
http://www.uniqema.com/products/pdf/Tween.pdf
Tween Solubilities
Water 1% water 10% propylene propylene IPA 1% IPA 10% xylene 1% xylene 10% cottonseed cottonseed mineral mineral
glycol 1% glycol 10% oil 1% oil 10% oil 1% oil 10%
80 S S D D S S S I S I I I
80K S S D D S S S I S I I I
(Tween 80K is Kosher grade)
S = Soluble, clear
H = Soluble with haze, hazy, turbid
D = Insoluble, self-dispersing or self-emulsifying;
on standing, separates into distinct phases
I = Insoluble, gross separation into distinct phases
G = Insoluble, forms gel
Formulation Example
------------------------------------Formulation example
Paraffin wax example
Part A Paraffin wax 50
Span™ 60/Tween 60 (1/1) 5
Part B Water 45
Preparation: Combine Part A and
mix with water to form emulsion
===================================================
Source:
http://www.ufrgs.br/ppgbcm/artigo/bmestre.pdf
Tween 80 is an ester of palmitic acid which has 18 carbons. LB agar containing
1% of Tween 80 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo) and 1 mM CaCl2 was used for
the selection of lipase clones. Tween 80 can be cleaved by lipases to produce a
fatty acid and an alcohol. The presence of Ca2þ causes the formation of an insoluble
fatty acid salt which is seen as a white precipitate around lipase positive colonies.