All of these routes are very similar. All using either the Aryl Bromide or Chloride. Zn(CN)2 as the CN donor. Catalytic amounts of the Pd(0) complex, like Pd2(dba)3[tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium] which gives the best results, or Pd(PPh3)4 and dppf [1,10-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene], which is commonly used as a ligand to enhance the reactivity of a palladium complex, in a polar aprotic solvent like MeCN, N,N-Dimethylformamide(DMF), N,N-Dimethylacetamide(DMA), 1-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidinone(NMP) are all suitable solvents. Although wet DMF seemes to give the best results. Mild heat (<150°C) and agitation.
Tetrahedron Lett. 40 (1999) 8193-8195
- Aryl Bromide, Zn(CN)2 and a variety of Palladiu-Phosphine ligand complexes
Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (2000) 3271-3273
- Aryl Chloride, Zn(CN)2, and catalytic amounts of Pd2(dba)3, dppf, and Zn(dust) in DMA. >90% yields.
Synth.Commun. 24,6 (1994) 887-890
- ArX + Zn(CN)2+ Pd(PPh3)4, in DMF, 6h @ 80°C
Collect.Czech.Chem.Commun. 48,6 (1983) 1765-1773
- Similar to above, but using Crown Ethers
Can.J.Chem. 63 (1985) 111-120
- ArX, CuCN, Pd(0) in DMA
J.Org.Chem. 51,24 (1986) 4714-4716
- ArX, Et3, Pd(PPh3)4