I have read somewhere that the most common route that amphetamine chemists take in clandestine labs is Number 3.
(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/hive/hiveboard/picproxie_docs/000454670-file_oeoq.gif)
I found this in Synthetic Reductions in Clandestine Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Laboratories: A Review (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/chemistry/amphetamine.reduction.html)
(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/chemistry/amphetamine.reduction.html)
And with these refs:
1: Pd/C
Nitrile reduction to phenethylamines
W.H. Hartung, Catalytic reduction of nitriles and oximes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 50 (1928) 3370-3374. C.A. 23: 599 (1929).
2: Ni-Al, Figure 3.
Oxime reduced to amphetamine
J.W. Wilson, Synthesis of dl-amphetamine sulfate labeled with C14. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., (Sci. Ed.), 39 (1950) 687. C.A. 45: 1728d (1951).
3: Ni-Al, Figure 3.
Oxime reduced to amphetamine
T. Kametani and Y. Nomura, reduction of nitrogen compounds by Raney nickel alloy and alkalai solution. I. J. Parm. Soc. Jpn., 74 (1954) 413-416. C.A. 49: 5342d (1955).
4: Ni-Al, Figure 3.
Oxime reduction to amphetamine
H.B. Hass, A.G. Susie and B.L. Heider, Nitroalkane derivatives. J. Org. Chem., 15 (1949) 8-14. C.A. 44: 4412d (1950).
5: Na/Alc, Figure 3.
Oxime reduction to amphetamine
F.M. Jaeger and J.A. van Dijk, Preparation of 2-phenylisopropylamine. Proc. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, 44 (1941) 26-40. C.A. 37: 6219 (1943).
6: Na/Alc, Figure 3.
Oxime reduced to amphetamine
W. Leithe, Configuration of ephedrine bases. Berichte, 65 (1932) 660-666. C.A. 26: 3495 (1932).
7: Na-Hg, Figure 3.
Oxime reduced to amphetamine
D.H. Hey, dl-Phenylisopropylamine and related compounds. J. Chem. Soc. (1930) 18-21. C.A. 24: 1851 (1930).
8: LiAlH4, Figure 3.
Oxime reduced to amphetamine
K. Kotera, T. Okada and S. Miyazaki, Stereochemistry of aziridine formation by reduction of oximes with lithium aluminum hydride on arylalkyl alkyl ketoximes and their tosylates. Tetrahedron, 24 (1968) 5677-5690. C.A. 69: 67158a (1968).
afortunatly I don't have excess to these.
What yield can I expect from an normal low-pressure hydrogenation of P2P with NH2OH?
Post 319296 (https://www.thevespiary.org/talk/index.php?topic=11776.msg31929600#msg31929600)
(Rhodium: "P2P oxime in quantitative yield", Novel Discourse)
Ref #1: Post 450229 (https://www.thevespiary.org/talk/index.php?topic=9087.msg45022900#msg45022900)
(Rhodium: "Catalytic Reduction of Nitriles and Oximes", Methods Discourse)
Ref #3:
Reduction of nitrogen compounds by Raney nickel alloy and alkali solution. I.
T. Kametani and Y. Nomura
J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn. 74, 413-416(1954) (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/djvu/kametani.djvu)
(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/djvu/kametani.djvu)
Ref #4:
Nitroalkene Derivatives
H.B. Hass, A.G. Susie, B.L. Heider
J. Org. Chem. 15, 8-14 (1949) (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/nitro.alkene.derivatives.pdf)
(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/nitro.alkene.derivatives.pdf)
Ref #6:
Configuration of ephedrine bases
W. Leithe
Chem. Ber. 65, 660-666 (1932) (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/djvu/leithe.djvu)
(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/djvu/leithe.djvu)
Ref #7: Post 402025 (https://www.thevespiary.org/talk/index.php?topic=8149.msg40202500#msg40202500)
(Rhodium: "Ye olde Benzedrine", Stimulants)
Ref #8:
Stereochemistry of aziridine formation by reduction of oximes with lithium aluminum hydride on arylalkyl alkyl ketoximes and their tosylates
K. Kotera, T. Okada and S. Miyazaki
Tetrahedron 24, 5677-5690 (1968) (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/lah.oxime.reduction.aziridines.pdf)
(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/lah.oxime.reduction.aziridines.pdf)
Abstract
Separation of syn- and anti-isomers of aralkyl alkyl ketoximes and their tosylates has been carried out using 1-phenylpropan-2-one and 1-(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/hive/hiveboard/picproxie_docs/000454670-file_lwwo.gif)-naphthylpropan-2-one. With the established configurations, LAH reduction of the oximes and their tosylates has been performed and the products have been analysed by GLC. The results clearly indicate that aziridine formation is strongly influenced by the configurations of the oximes and the oxime tosylates used.
Now only #2 and #5 are lacking...
So if SWIM has Benzedrine how does he make Dexedrine of it.
Is this a good way to do it:
Rusznak et al., Resolution of Phenylisopropylamines, Hung. Teljes, 12,208 (Cl.C07B), 28 Sep. 1976, Appl. 1,516, 08 Nov. 1974; C.A. 85: 192337q, p. 518 (1976).
Phenylisopropylamines and phenylisopropylmethylamines and various substituted amines were resolved with 0.5 mole tartaric acid in benzene-water containing 0.5 mole sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide by selective extraction of either enantiomer.
A mixture of 0.1 mole (13.52 g.) phenylisopropylamine (or 14.92 g. methamphetamine base) in 60 ml benzene, 0.05 mole d-tartaric acid (7.50 g.) in 30 ml water, and 2 g sodium hydroxide (reagent grade or titrated equivalent) in 3 ml water was kept 4 hours with intermittent shaking, and the organic phase evaporated to give 98% L-phenylisopropylamine. The aqueous phase was extracted with benzene at pH 13 and evaporated to give 96% D-enantiomer. From
Procedures for the Resolution of Racemic Amphetamines (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/chemistry/amphetamine.resolution.html)
(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/chemistry/amphetamine.resolution.html)
Or if SWIM wan't make Dex should do it with another method like this one.
Preparation of Optically pure Amphetamines by the way of alpha-Methylhydrocinnamic Acid (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/chemistry/alpha-methylhydrocinnamic.html)
(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/chemistry/alpha-methylhydrocinnamic.html)
Post 422067 (missing)
(Aurelius: "Ephedrine Compilation", Stimulants)
An entire section racemization and an entire section of resolution. Plus,....
Post 408293 (https://www.thevespiary.org/talk/index.php?topic=8385.msg40829300#msg40829300)
(Rhodium: "The Stimulants Forum FAQ", Stimulants)
This has links to the same type of information.
In post Post 319296 (https://www.thevespiary.org/talk/index.php?topic=11776.msg31929600#msg31929600)
(Rhodium: "P2P oxime in quantitative yield", Novel Discourse) they use 5 grams of calcium oxide and in post Post 402025 (https://www.thevespiary.org/talk/index.php?topic=8149.msg40202500#msg40202500)
(Rhodium: "Ye olde Benzedrine", Stimulants) they use NaOH.
When I look at some patents I notice they don't use anything. Just the stuff they gonna make the oxime off and the HydroxylAmine. And if they use something extra it is an acid, like formic acid. See Method of manufacturing high purity oximes from aqueous hydroxylamine and ketones US 6235935 (http://l2.espacenet.com/dips/viewer?PN=US6235935&CY=gb&LG=en&DB=EPD)
(http://l2.espacenet.com/dips/viewer?PN=US6235935&CY=gb&LG=en&DB=EPD).
So why is with P2P calcium oxide or NaOH used?
The reason why I ask this is that when SWIM wants to do a 2 kilo batch he need 10 kilos of calcium oxide. And that's way to much.
These are my questions:
So why is with P2P, calcium oxide or NaOH used?
Can he when he is doing a 2 kilo batch use 5 kilos Calcium oxide instead of 10 kilos?
And what would happen when he uses no Calcium Oxide?
Can you do this in a microwave?