Archive of "Wanted References" Volume 2

[Rhodium]

This Digest only covers articles posted in April 2004 or later. For articles posted in March 2004 or earlier, as well as further information about what this digest is all about, please refer to

Post 436354

(Rhodium: "Archive of  "Wanted References" Volume 1", Novel Discourse)

Please PM me if any of the links below expire, so that I can remove them from this list.


Retrieved by Rhodium:

For Ganesha:
Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action. (04-07-04):
Vollenweider, F. X., Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen, M. F., Babler, A., Vogel, H., & Hell, D.

NeuroReport 9, 3897–3902 (1998)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/psilopsychosis.pdf)

_{Zur Kenntnis des Tetranitromethans, V. Mitteilung.}
Tetranitromethan als Nitrierungsmittel (II) (04-22-04):
E. Schmidt, et. al.

Chem. Ber. 55, 1751-1759 (1922)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/tetranitromethane.nitration-2.pdf)

Preparation of Aromatic Iodoacetyl Derivatives by Direct Iodination with a Potassium Iodide-Potassium Iodate-Sulfuric Acid System (05-10-04):
Okamoto, Tsuyoshi; Kakinami, Takaaki; Nishimura, Tetsuo; Irwan-Hermawan; Kajigaeshi, Shoji

Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 65, 1731-1733 (1992)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/acetophenone.iodination.pdf)

[4-Methoxyphenol --72%--> 2-Hydroxy-5-Methoxybenzaldehyde --61%--> 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde] (05-21-04):
K. Y. Chu, J. Griffiths, D. Ward
J. Chem. Research (Miniprint), No. 10, pp 3701-3721 (1981)

[Hydroquinone --benzylchloride--> p-benzyloxyphenol] (05-21-04):
Billy L. Allwood, Billy L. et. al
J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 14, 1061-1064 (1987)

For Osmium:
Synthesis of monodisperse Au, Pt, Pd, Ru and Ir nanoparticles in ethylene glycol (08-07-04):
Bonet F.; Delmas V.; Grugeon S.; Herrera Urbina R.; Silvert P.-Y.; Tekaia-Elhsissen K.
Nanostructured Materials 11(, 1277-1284 (1999)

For Lego:
Selective hydrogenation of aromatic and aliphatic nitro compounds by hydrogen transfer over magnesia (04-22-04):
Kijenski, J.; Glinski, M.; Wisniewski, R.; Murghani, S.   

Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 59 (Heterog. Catal. Fine Chem. 2),  169-76 (1991)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/nitro.reduction.mgo.pdf)


For Armageddon:
Indium/Ammonium Chloride Mediated Selective Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds: Practical Synthesis of 6-Amino-Chrysene (04-22-04):
Bimal K. Banik, Michelle Suhendra, Indrani Banik, and Frederick F. Becker

Synthetic Communications 30(20), 3745-3754 (2000)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/indium.nitro.reduction.pdf)

Thiamin Analogs. IV. 4(5)-Methyl-5(4)-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-imidazole (04-29-04):
Sidney W. Fox, Herbert Sargent, Edwin R. Buchman
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67, 496-497 (1945)

(Reduction of an oxime to an amine using Sn/SnCl₂/HCl)

Ammonium Salts of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids (06-21-04):
Saverio Zuffanti, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 3123-3124 (1941)

For Vitus_Verdegast:
Total Synthesis of (±)-Gigantine and its O-Methyl Ether (04-07-04):
A. M. Choudhury

Chemistry & Industry (London), 578 (1971)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/gigantine1971.pdf)

Application of transcerebral, weak (1 microT) complex magnetic fields and mystical experiences: are they generated by field-induced dimethyltryptamine release from the pineal organ? (04-07-04):
Hill DR, Persinger MA.

Percept Mot Skills. 97, 1049-50 (2003)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/tms-dmt.pdf)

_{Abstract
During the last 15 years weak, complex magnetic fields have been applied across the two cerebral hemispheres at the level of the temporoparietal lobes of more than 500 volunteers. Most of these subjects have reported visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive sensations as well as experiences of detachment from the body of 'sentient beings'. Similar but more intense experiences were reported by Strassman in 2001 for volunteers who were injected with N,n-dimethyltryptamine, a compound Strassman hypothesized as the primary mediator of these experiences. If this speculation is valid, then subjects who are exposed to the very weak, complex fields known to elicit similar experiences should display significant increases in the metabolites of this compound within their blood.}

Synthesis of [a]annulated carbazoles from indol-2,3-dione (05-25-04):
Egle M. Beccalli and Alessandro Marchesini, Tullio Pilati

Tetrahedron 49(21), 4741-4758 (1993)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/isatylideneacetones.pdf)
DOI:

10.1016/S0040-4020(01)81301-6

For demorol:

Nickel boride/hydrazine hydrate reduction of aromatic and aliphatic nitro compounds.  Synthesis of 4-(benzyloxy)indole and alpha-alkyltryptamines. (06-21-04):   
David H. Lloyd, David E. Nichols

J. Org. Chem. 51(22), 4294-4295 (1986)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/nichols/nichols-ni2b-hydrazine.nitro-reduction.pdf)


For Nicodem:
_{Synthesis of ?-Phenylethylamine Derivatives. VII.}
The enantiomers of erythro-1-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(1"-ethyl-2"-phenoxyethylamino)propanol-1)-propanol-1 (05-25-04):
J. Van Dijk and H. D. Moed

Rec. Trav. Chim. 80, 573-587 (1961)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/phenoxyethylamines-vii.pdf)


For Java:
Mild Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides Using Halide-Based Ionic Liquids at Room Temperature (05-17-04):
Ren, R. X.; Wu, J. X., Org. Lett. 3(23), 3727-3728 (2001)

Supporting Information

(http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journals/supporting_information.page?in_coden=orlef7&in_volume=3&in_start_page=3727)

A Simple Method for the Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes or Alcohols Using H2 and Pd/C (06-21-04):
Falorni, M.; Giacomelli, G.; Porcheddu, A.; Taddei, M., J. Org. Chem. 64, 8962-8964 (1999)

The enantioselective hydrogenation of N-acyl dehydroamino acids (06-21-04):
Topics In Catalysis 5(1-4), 3-23 (1998)

For Fallen_Angel:
_{Analgesics. II.}
The Grignard Reaction with Schiff Bases (07-30-04):
Robert Bruce Moffett, Willard M. Hoehn

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69, 1792-1794 (1947)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/grignard.imines-1.pdf)

The Reaction of Grignard Reagents with Schiff Bases (07-30-04):
Kenneth N. Campbell, C. H. Helbing, M. Patricia Florkowski, Barbara K. Campbell

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 3868-3870 (1948)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/grignard.imines-2.pdf)


For Saddam_Hussein:
In vitro O-demethylation of the psychotomimetic amine, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (07-30-04):
Jonathan S. Zweig, Neal Castagnoli, Jr.

J. Med. Chem. 20, 414-421 (1977)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/dom.deuterio-synth.pdf)



Retrieved by Azole:

For Rhodium:
Two independent syntheses of amphetamine from the pre-war Soviet Union, in Russian.

Synthesis of ?-Phenylisopropylamine (Phenamine) (04-29-04):
O. Yu. Magidson and G. A. Garkusha
Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (J. Gen. Chem. (USSR)), 11, 339-343 (1941).

_{PhCH2COOH + Ac2O (cat. AcONa) --> P2P (50-55%); P2P + HCONH2 --> N-formylamphetamine;
N-formylamphetamine + 40% H2SO4 --> amphetamine (50-55% from P2P); separation of enantiomers via bitartrate salt.}

A New Method for the Preparation of 1-Phenyl-2-aminopropane (04-29-04):
B. R. Bobranskii and Ya. V. Drabik
Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii (J. Appl. Chem. (USSR)), 14, 410-415 (1941).

_{PhCH2CN + EtOAc + 1 eq. EtONa --> PhCH(CN)COCH3 (86%); PhCH(CN)COCH3 + aq. H3PO4, 150°C --> P2P (76%);
P2P + HCOONH4 --> N-formylamphetamine; N-formylamphetamine + aq. HCl --> amphetamine (56% from P2P).}

Über Diastereomerie V). Diastereomerie und Krystallsymmetrie des Ephedrins (06-21-04):
H. Emde und F. Spaenhauer
Helv. Chim. Acta, 13, 3-9 (1930).

Preparation of homomyristicinic acid (06-21-04):
G. Y. Moltrasio and D. Giacopello
Org. Prep. Proc. Int. 4(1), 13-18 (1972).

Examination of the essential oil from the fruits of parsley (06-21-04):
S. A. Alimukhamedov, N. A. Maksudov, M. I. Goryaev, and F. S. Sharipova
Khim. Farm. Zh. 6(9), 15 (1972).
(journal written in Russian)

<sub>Abstract
   The essential oil obtained by steam distillation of crushed seeds of parsley at 2 atm pressure was separated into 2 fractions which were analysed by GC. The oil was shown to contain apiole (57.6%), myristicin (10.8%), allyltetramethoxybenzene (0.8%) and terpenes: ?-pinene (9.1%), camphene (0.3%), sabinene (6.3%), ?-terpinene (1.8%), limonene (3.1%), ?-terpinene (0.2%) and p-cymene (2.8%). The derivatives of phenols were characterized by oxidation into apiolaldehyde (m. p. 101-102 °C) and tetramethoxybenzoic (m. p. 85-86 °C) and myristicinic (m. p. 206-207 °C) acids.

   I pretty much disbelieve the whole article. The authors claim that they separated the essential oil of parsley into the "phenolic" fraction (myristicin, apiole, and allyltetramethoxybenzene) and the neutral fraction (various terpenes) by means of 5% solution of KOH as if there were phenolic hydroxyls in apiole etc.</sub>


For Ganesha:

Ueber Paraoxyphenol und einige vom Hydrochinon derivirende Aldehyde und Alkohole (06-21-04):
A. Hantzsch
J. Prakt. Chem., <2>22, 460-476 (1880).

Reimer-Tiemann formylation of 4-ethoxyphenol (yield 40-45%).

Deoxygenation of Some 3-Oxo-steroids by Chlorotrimethylsilane and Zinc (04-07-04):
P. Hodge and M. N. Khan
J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1975, 809-811.

3SiCl.>

An Improved Synthesis of (±)-Dihydroactinidiolide (04-07-04):
G. V. Subbaraju, M. S. Manhas and A. K. Bose
Tetrahedron Lett., 32(37), 4871-4874 (1991).

2 is dehydrated under MW irradiation.>

Synthesis of anthracyclinones. Part 1. Regioselective alkylation of 5-hydroxyquinizarin. (04-22-04):
L. M. Harwood, L. C. Hodgkinson, J. K. Sutherland, and P. Towers.
Can. J. Chem., 62, 1922-1925 (1984).

<1,4-Dimethoxybenzene/propionic acid/polyphosphoric acid (70°C, 2h) gives 2,5-dimethoxypropiophenone>

Synthesis of Vanillin (04-22-04):
G. V. Chelintsev and B. N. Rodnevich
Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii (J. Applied Chem. (USSR)), 8, 909-911 (1935).

For sYnThOmAtIc:
The Reimer-Tiemann Reaction (04-22-04):
H. Wynberg and E. W. Meijer
Organic Reactions, 28, 1-36 (1982).

For synthon:
O-Monoalkylation of hydroquinone with alcohols (07-02-04):
A. G. Rybin, A. V. Orlov, E. N. Zil'berman, M. Z. Barskova
Zh. Org. Khim., 27(9), 1828-1831 (1991).

(journal written in Russian)
Partial translation can be found in

Post 516970 (missing)

(azole: "yet another O-monoalkylation of hydroquinone", Novel Discourse)


For Nicodem:
Farmacologia della 3-fenilazetidina e di alcuni suoi derivati (07-02-04):
G. Bianchi, G. Maffii
Il Farmaco, Ed. Sci., 21(2), 131-154 (1966).

Article in Italian. 473 kB (w/pictures).
_{Summary.
   The pharmacological properties (adrenergic) of substituted 3-phenylazetidines have been studied. 3-Phenylazetidine (L 2051) shows both excitatory and inhibitory effects on the ?-sympathetic receptors: in small doses it produces increase in heart rate and contractile force; this effect is antagonized by dichloroisopropylarterenol. In high doses the drug reduces the effects of isopropylarterenol, and inhibits the inotropic action of epinephrine and arterenol. A biphasic action of L 2051 may be demonstrated also on the site of the ?-receptors. The pharmacological activity of L 2051 may depend, at least in part, on histamine liberation. These various activities of L 2051 were found isolated in some of its derivatives.
   There is no synthetic part in the article. The derivatives of 3-phenylazetidine were synthesized according to the following publications:
Liebigs Ann. Chem., 626, 114 (1959); ibid., 639, 157 (1961); ibid., 647, 83 (1961).}

Related information found by Kinetic:

Patent GB872446

1-[3-(2-Alkoxyphenoxy)-3-phenylpropyl]piperazines and some related compounds (04-07-04):
V. Valenta, M. Bartošová and M. Protiva
Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 46(5), 1280-1287 (1981).

Synthesis of ?-functional nitrocompounds by the nitration of activated carbonyl derivatives in two-phase system (04-07-04):
V. P. Kislyi, A. L. Laikhter, B. I. Ugrak, and V. V. Semenov
Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Khim. 1994(1), 76-79 (in Russian).

Ethyl 2-nitroacetoacetate as a new synthon for ethoxycarbonylnitrile oxide (04-07-04):
V. P. Kislyi, A. L. Laikhter, B. I. Ugrak, and V. V. Semenov
Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Khim. 1994(1), 103-105 (in Russian).

For Vitus_Verdegast:
Total synthesis of (±)-gigantine (04-07-04):
G. J. Kapadia, G. S. Rao, M. B. E. Fayez, B. K. Chowdhury and M. L. Sethi
Chemistry and Industry (London) 1970, 1593-1594.

Synthesis of the Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids (±)-Tepenine, Tehaunine, and (±)-O-Methylgigantine and Revised Structure of Gigantine (04-07-04):
G. J. Kapadia, M. B. E. Fayez, M. L. Sethi, and G. Subba Rao
Chem. Commun. 1970, 856-857.

Total synthesis of (±)-gigantine and its O-methyl ether (04-07-04):
A. M. Choudhury
Chemistry & Industry (London) 1971, 578.

A short and efficient method for the preparation of ?,p-dimethylstyrene from citral (1) (04-07-04):
D. H. R. Barton and S. I. Parekh
Synth. Commun., 19(19), 3353-3361 (1989).

For armageddon:
Alkaloids of an Ipomoea Seed commonly known as Kaladana in Pakistan (07-02-04):
C. I. Abou-Chaar, G. A. Digenis
Nature, 212, 618-619 (1966).

For psyloxy:
Synthesis of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (07-02-04):
P. S. Manchand, P. S. Belica, and H. S. Wong
Synth. Commun., 20(17), 2659-2666 (1990).

Preparation of tosylates of phenols and acidic alcohols (07-11-04):
S. E. Wentworth, P. L. Sciaraffa
Org. Prep. Proc. Int., 1(4), 225-228 (1969).

Tosylation with TsCl/acetone/aq. NaOH.


For java :
A concise synthesis of (R)-(+)-phenylalaninol from (1S, 2S)-(+)-thiomicamine (08-07-04):
Maria D. Rozwadowska
Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 9(9), 1615-1618 (1998).

For Disciple:
Zur radikalischen Hydroxylierung von Indol (08-07-04):
J. Gartz
Pharmazie, 40(5), 356 (1985).

_{Abstract
Indole underwent radical hydroxylation by treatment with H2O2 in a phosphate buffer contg. FeSO4, ascorbic acid, and EDTA disodium salt under N2 for 2.5 min. After the unreacted indole was extracted with ligroin, the water phase was further extracted with CH2Cl2 to give a mixture of products containing 50% 4-hydroxyindole, 30% 5-hydroxyindole, 10% 6-hydroxyindole, and 10% 7-hydroxyindole.}


Retrieved by 7is:

For Ganesha:
Directional lipophilic character in a series of psychotomimetic phenethylamine derivatives (04-07-04):
David E. Nichols, Alexander T. Shulgin and Donald C. Dyer
Life Sciences Volume 21, Issue 4 , 15 August 1977, Pages 569-576

Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics. (04-07-04):
Riba J, Valle M, Urbano G, Yritia M, Morte A, Barbanoj MJ.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (2003) Jul;306(1):73-83.

The chemistry of terpenes––I  The effect of hydrogen ion concentration and oxygen upon the acid catalysed cyclization of citral (04-07-04):
D. A. Baines, R. Alan Jones, T. C. Webb and I. H. Campion-Smith
Tetrahedron Vol 26, Issue 20 (1970) p. 4901-4913

5-Hydroxytryptamine2-family receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine2A, 5-hydroxytryptamine2B, 5-hydroxytryptamine2C): where structure meets function (05-10-04):
Roth BL, Willins DL, Kristiansen K, Kroeze WK.
Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Sep;79(3):231-57

For josef_k
Enamines: recent advances in synthetic, spectroscopic, mechanistic, and stereochemical aspects––I (05-17-04):
Peter W. Hickmott
Tetrahedron (1982) 38(14): 1975-2050

Enamines: recent advances in synthetic, spectroscopic, mechanistic, and stereochemical aspects––II (05-17-04):
Peter W. Hickmott
Tetrahedron (1982) 38(23): 3363-3446

For armageddon:
Calcium hypochlorite-mediated oxidation of primary alcohols to methyl esters (08-07-04):
Chriss E. McDonald, Lois E. Nice, Anthony W. Shaw and Nestor B. Nestor
Tetrahedron Lett., 34 (17) , (1993) 2741–2744

Retrieved by Nicodem:

For Ganesha:
Ring-substituted beta-methoxyphenylethylamines: a new class of psychotomimetic agents active in man. (04-07-04):
Lemaire, Jacob and Shulgin. 

None

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/shulgin/shulgin.beta-methoxy-peas.pdf)

(Experimental:

Post 413294

(GC_MS: "Ring-substituted beta-methoxyphenylethylamines", Methods Discourse))




Retrieved by dioulasso:

For Nicodem:
BAZE MANNICH, DERIVA?I AI PIPERAZINEI (04-07-04):
Ana Serpler
Farmacia (Bucharest) 16, 1968, 617-620.

Retrieved by lugh:

For Ganesha:
_{Zur Kenntnis des Tetranitromethans, II. Mitteilung.} (04-22-04):
Tetranitromethan als Nitrierungsmittel (I)
E. Schmidt, et. al.

Chem. Ber. 55, 1529-1537 (1922)

(https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/djvu/tetranitromethane.nitration-1.djvu)

Reimer-Teimann on p-ethoxyphenol (07-02-04):
Ansar, M.; Ebrik, S.Al.Akoum; Mouhoub, R.; Berthelot, P.; Vaccher, C.; et al.
Eur.J.Med.Chem.Chim.Ther.; 31; 6; 1996; 449-460

For sYnThOmAtIc:
Ozone concentration determination w/ aq. KI (05-10-04):
Mudd, J. B.; Leavitt, R.; Ongun, A.; McManus, T. T.
Atmos. Environ. 3, 669 (1969)

For BOS:
Alcohol to aldehyde using Ca(OCl)2 (07-06-04):
C.Y. Meyers, J.Org.Chem. 26, 1046 (1961)

For Armageddon:
Chlorination of aromatic systems with trichloroisocyanuric acid under polar and free-radical conditions (07-06-04):
Eric C. Juenge, D. A. Beal, W. P. Duncan, J. Org. Chem.; 19 70; 35(3); 719-722

Benzylchloride from toluene (various conditions) (07-30-04):
Journal of the Chemical Society  3727-9 (1958)

For josef_k:
N-Alkyl-4-Piperidone Transamination (07-11-04):
Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. (1985)21(12): 1355-1361; 1362-1368
Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. 21(10): 1132-1136 (1985)
Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. 19(11): 1197-2001 (1984)

For Lego:
Boletus manicus Heim. (07-11-04):
Thomas B.
J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003 Jul-Sep;35(3):393-4.

N,N-Dimethylation of a tryptamine with HCHO/NaBH4 (07-11-04):
Journal of Labelled Compdounds and Radiopharmaceuticals,  38(11), 1021-1030 (1996)

Applications of phase transfer catalysis to arenediazonium cation chemistry. (05-10-04):
Gokel, George W.; Ahern, Michael F.; Beadle, James R.; Blum, Lorna; Korzeniowski, Stephen H.; Leopold, Ahuva; Rosenberg, David E.
Israel Journal of Chemistry 26(3), 270-6 (1985)

For Rhodium:
Alexander T. Shulgin (06-21-04):
Experientia 19, 127 (1963) and Experientia 20, 366-9 (1964)

Retrieved by moo:

For psyloxy
Aromatic hydroxylation by a new cupric nitrate-H2O2-phosphate buffer system. (05-17-04):
Nasreen, Aayesha; Adapa, Srinivas R.
Organic Preparations and Procedures International, 32(4), 373-376 (2000). 

Retrieved by Kinetic:

For Rhodium
Active Amino Acids. V*⁵. Synthesis of Optically Active alpha-Aminoalcohols by the Reduction of alpha-Amino Acid Esters with Sodium Borohydride (06-21-04):
Chem. Pharm. Bull., 13 (, 995-1000 (1965)

Cupric Oxide as an Efficient Catalyst in Methylenation of Catechols (06-21-04):
Chem. Pharm. Bull. 16 (3), 523-526 (1968)

Retrieved by SpicyBrown:

For demerol:
 
Formylation of the dimethoxybenzenes using phosphorus oxychloride and N-methylformanilide (06-21-04):
Armiger H. Sommers, R. J. Michaels, and Arthur W. Weston
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74(21), 5546(1952)

Retrieved by java:

For Rhodium:
Genetic and pharmacological evidence of a role for GABA(B) receptors in the modulation of anxiety- and antidepressant-like behavior. (06-21-04):
Mombereau C, Kaupmann K, Froestl W, Sansig G, van der Putten H, Cryan JF.
Neuropsychopharmacology 29(6), 1050-62 (2004)

_{Abstract
Although there is much evidence for a role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression, the role of GABA(B) receptors in behavioral processes related to these disorders has not yet been fully established. GABA(B) receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors, which act as functional heterodimers made up of GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)) subunits. Using recently generated GABA(B(1)) -/- mice, which lack functional GABA(B) receptors, and pharmacological tools we assessed the role of GABA(B) receptors in anxiety- and antidepressant-related behaviors. In the light-dark box, GABA(B(1)) -/- mice were more anxious than their wild-type littermates (less time spent in the light; reduced number of transitions). GABA(B(1)) -/- mice were also more anxious in the staircase test. Conversely, acute and chronic treatment with GS39783, a novel GABA(B) receptor positive modulator, decreased anxiety in the light-dark box and elevated zero maze tests for anxiety. On the other hand, GABA(B(1)) -/- mice had decreased immobility (antidepressant-like behavior) in the forced swim test (FST). These behavioral effects are unrelated to alterations in locomotor activity. In confirmation of the genetic data, acute and chronic treatment with CGP56433A, a selective GABA(B) receptor antagonist, also decreased immobility in the FST, whereas GS39783 did not alter this behavior. Taken together, these data suggest that positive modulation of the GABA(B) receptor may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for the development of anxiolytics, whereas GABA(B) receptor antagonism may serve as a basis for the generation of novel antidepressants.}

For Lego:
Possible mechanism for the neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine on methamphetamine-evoked neurotoxicity (07-30-04):
Virmani A, Gaetani F, Imam S, Binienda Z, Ali S.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 May;993:197-207; discussion 287-8.

The protective role of L-carnitine against neurotoxicity evoked by drug of abuse, methamphetamine, could be related to mitochondrial dysfunction (07-30-04):
Virmani A, Gaetani F, Imam S, Binienda Z, Ali S.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun;965:225-32

For Merbst:
Optimization of the Synthesis Of Oxycodone and 5-Methyloxycodone (07-30-04):
R. KRASSNIG, C. HEDERER, H. SCHMIDHAMMER
Arch. Pharm. Med. Chem. 329, 325-326, 1996

Retrieved by Lego:

For Rhodium:
Die Synthesen des Ephedrins, des Pseudoephedrins, ihrer optischen Antipoden und Razemkörper (07-02-04):
Ernst Späth, Rudolf Göhring
Monatsh. Chem., 1920, 319-338

Retrieved by Vitus_Verdegast:

For Organikum:
Ueber die Oxidation des Cymols und Isopropylbenzols durch Chromylchlorid, ein Beitrach zur Cymolfrage
W.v. Miller & Rohde,
Chem. Ber. 24, 1356-1362 (1891)

Zur Kenntnis der Etard'schen Reaction
W.V. Miller & G. Rhode
Chem. Ber. 23, 1070-1082 (1890)