The page https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/chemistry/fentanyl.html (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/chemistry/fentanyl.html)
describes nicely how to produce fentanyl, but there are some things that are not quite clear.
1:
In the preparation of N-Phenethyl-4-piperidone, there is not mentioned anything about the amount of reagents used. Only how much acetonitrile and carbonate is to be used. Anyone have a clue on how much was inteded?
2:
The commercial piperidone hydrochloride, comes as the hydrated version, with the ketone group as the diol(like formalin). I suppose it cant be any different, since there are no alternatives available without the hydrate. Will this interfere with the reaction in some way?
Thanks!
Regard
Bandil
It is not only an acid scavenger, it also forms a complex with the propionyl chloride which is even more nucleophilic than the acid chloride alone.
Compare with the reaction mechanism in Fig. 2 on page 196 in https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/heroin.synthesis.pdf (https://www.thevespiary.org/rhodium/Rhodium/pdf/heroin.synthesis.pdf)
where acetic anhydride is used with the highly active acylation catalyst 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (DMAP) to acetylate morphine in superior yields. The reaction mechanism is similar to that of pyridine itself (it just lacks the tautomer depicted in the upper right corner).
Aliphatic tertiary amines also catalyzes acylations in a similar fashion, but pyridine is superior to any of them, and DMAP further still.
One idea:
Pyridine --SOCl2--> N-(4-Pyridyl)-Pyridinium Chloride HCl --[DMF,180°C]--> 4-Dimethylamino-pyridine (DMAP)
N-(4-Pyridyl)-Pyridinium Chloride HCl
Organic Syntheses, CV 5, 977 (http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv5p0977)
(http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv5p0977)
In a 2 L RB flask is placed 395g (5 moles) of dry pyridine (dried 24h over BaO and distilled immediately before use). As this flask is cooled by swirling in a bath of cold water, there is added during a few minutes 1190g (10 moles) of a good commercial grade of thionyl chloride. After completion of the addition, the flask is protected by a drying tube, and the reaction mixture is allowed to stand at room temperature under a hood for 3 days. During this period, the color of the mixture changes from deep yellow through brown to black.
The flask is fitted with a Claisen head, and excess thionyl chloride is distilled at reduced pressure (water pump) and collected in a receiver cooled in a mixture of dry ice and acetone (since thionyl chloride ruins all rubber tubing with which it comes in contact, efficient cooling of the receiver is recommended). The flask is heated with a water bath that is slowly raised from room temperature to about 90°C, then held at that temperature until no more distillation occurs and a black residue remains.
The black residue is cooled to 0°C, and 100 ml. of ice-cold ethanol is added very cautiously to react with residual thionyl chloride. An additional 400 ml of ice-cold ethanol is added, and the solid mass left at the bottom of the flask is broken up with the aid of a rod. The resultant light-brown powder is collected by suction filtration, preferably on a sintered glass funnel, and washed with five 150-ml. portions of ethanol. The yield of crude N-(4-pyridyl)-pyridinium chloride HCl is 230–257g (40–45%). This product is very deliquescent and should be used immediately or stored over P2O2.
4-Dimethylamino-pyridine (DMAP)
Patent DE2517774 (http://l2.espacenet.com/dips/viewer?PN=DE2517774&CY=gb&LG=en&DB=EPD)
229g (1 mole) of crude N-(4-Pyridyl)-Pyridinium Chloride HCl were dissolved in 146.2 g (2 moles) of dimethylformamide at about 140-150°C, and the solution was heated, while stirring, for 2 hours at a bath temperature of 180°C, and 90 ml of crude pyridine (boiling point 111-122°C) distilled off. The resulting dark resldue was allowed to stand with 100 g of sodium hydroxide in 1 litre of water, filtration was carried out to remove the black insoluble residue and the residue and solution were exhaustively extracted with methylene chloride. After drying the methylene chloride extract with sodium sulfate and treatment with a small amount of decolorizing charcoal there were obtained 68.3 g (56% yield) of crude 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (DMAP), which melted at 112-113°C after recrystallization from diisopropyl ether.