Author Topic: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole  (Read 682 times)

pyramid

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3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« on: January 26, 2011, 09:40:45 PM »
Hello, here is a synthesis of this compound, tried multiple times by me and guaranteed working. First a few words about the chemicals used.

 Indole is required which can prove difficult for some to acquire. I have no recommendations on where to obtain it, it is up to you where you get it. 1-naphthoyl chloride is also required and can be purchased at a few places online, or otherwise made from 1-naphthoic acid via thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride. I will not be going into detail about the synthesis of the acid chloride, info is available elsewhere for those seeking this method. Since this synthesis utilizes a Grignard reaction anhydrous Et2O is needed, and for this reaction it cannot be replaced with THF, it gives a minuscule yield. Relatively high purity magnesium chips/turnings/powder should be used, and activated with dilute HCl or AcOH followed by rinsing with dry MeOH and drying. Ethyl bromide can be easily made via ethanol/NaBr/H2SO4. Of course all the reagents used must be as dry as possible. About the ether, I have once used ether made from ethanol and sulfuric acid, and after initial purification and then standing for one week over KOH, after distillation it performed wonderfully. So that shows anh. Ether can be made at home and used with success in a grignard.

On to equipment, this is most conveniently carried out in a 3-neck RBF of 250ml capacity, thermometer adaptor, addition funnel (pressure equalized is best), good condenser, and stirring is a must. You need a CaCl2 drying tube, can use a distillation takeoff though after sealing the vac adaptor. Having a Buchner funnel and vac source is always good to expedite filtering.


Magnesium MW: 24.3

1-bromoethane MW: 109

Indole MW: 117.1

1-naphthoyl chloride MW: 190.6

3-(1-naphthoyl)indole MW: 271.3

SYNTHESIS:

To magnesium chips ( 0.6g, 24.6mmol) wetted with ~2ml Et2O, was added a solution of EtBr ( 2.6g, 24.6mmol) in 25ml Et2O. At first only a few ml of this solution is added via the addition funnel. The flask was warmed by hand to initiate the reaction. No iodine or other measures were taken to ensure initiation, activation of the Mg was enough on all occasions. Once the reaction has begun, the rest of the EtBr/Et2O was added at such a rate to sustain reflux. After addition is complete, the solution is refluxed for 1 hour to ensure complete conversion. There is a small amount of Mg in the bottom of the flask.
 The flask is cooled to -5 degrees C, and drop wise keeping temp under 0 degrees C, is added a solution of Indole (2.9g, 24.6mmol) in 25ml Et2O. The mixture gets cloudy, and eventually it is green, and 2 phase. On one occasion the 2 phases disappeared. After the addition of indole, the solution is allowed to reach RT and stirred for one hour.
 After this time, the flask is once again cooled to -5C, and with fast stirring (fast as possible without splashing of the reaction mixture) is added a solution of 1-naphthoyl chloride (4.9g, 25.7mmol) in 25ml Et2O drop wise  (temp under 0C!). As soon as the first drop touches the mixture it turns yellow, and then becomes orange/red with the deposit of a red gum. If stirring is not efficient the stir bar will become trapped in the gum. After addition, let reach RT and stir for one hour.
Then there is added 20-30ml of saturated ammonium chloride (aq.) and stirred for 15 minutes. The formed precipitate is crushed in the flask and best attempts are made to remove it from flask walls etc. The ppt is filtered and washed with copious amounts of dH2O and triturated in 100ml acetone/dH2O 1:1. Sucked dry, dried completely in air with radiant heat from a hotplate. Yield 3.5g (counting on indole 52%)
Average yield of 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole was 3.5g-4.5g, or roughly 50-60% yield. Single spot TLC. Further product can surely be recovered from the filtrates and such, but it smells strongly of indole and attempts were simply not made.
This compound is best recrystallized from aq acetone, but it is not necessary. It is a yellowish-pink powder with a weak smell of indole.


I hope perhaps this was of use to someone, and I hope this can start discussion on the subject of the JWH cannabinoids. So, does anyone have experience with the synthesis of any, or info etc anything is welcome.  ;D ;D



pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #1 on: January 26, 2011, 10:06:33 PM »
Here is an example of alkylation to JWH-018, 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, MW 341.4

To a 250ml 3 neck RBF fitted with thermometer, condenser and a stir bar there is added 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (3g, 11mmol) followed by dry DMF 50ml. Potassium hydroxide flakes (1.5g, 27.5mmol 1.5eq.) were added in one portion and the setup purged with butane. The flask was heated to 60-70 degrees C on a water bath for 20 minutes with stirring. A green solution with ppt is obtained. After this time, 1-bromopentane (4.3g, 28.6mmol) was added in one portion via glass syringe. There is an immediate color change to red and the flask is heated at an internal temp of 60-65 C for 3 hours. KBr ppts in the first few minutes after addition of the alkyl halide. It is then cooled to RT and diluted with 150ml H2O, and extracted with DCM 3x 40ml. The organics are washed with water 3 times then the solvent is evaporated. There is excess bromopentane as noticed by the smell so it is removed under vacuum in a hot water bath. 3g of amber oil was obtained (8.8mmol, 80% yield) The amber oil that remains is the product. It is a pain to get it to crystallize. Only after 1 month in the refrigerator did crystals begin to form. By covering them with a small amount of IPA cleaned them up and caused all of the oil to crystallize. Once you have a seed crystal the oil can be directly crystallized after alkylation, but I have had no luck getting it to crystallize right after without the seed or with ethanol. The obtained material is completely melted by 61 C, lit Mp is 60-62 C.

The product is fucking active and is obtained as beige to yellow slightly gummy crystals. It would be best to straight chromotograph the oil but not everyone can do that. :P

pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #2 on: January 26, 2011, 10:22:41 PM »
Huffman JW, Mabon R, Wu MJ, Lu J, Hart R, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Wiley JL, Martin BR.
“3-Indolyl-1-naphthylmethanes: new cannabimimetic indoles provide evidence for aromatic stacking interactions with the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor”.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 Feb 22;11(4):539-49.


 Im not sure how refs should be posted, here is some info pertaining to the subject. I failed most of work in school where refs had to be given correctly, dont beat me. There is alot of info available from a google search.
Alkylation can be carried out in a number of ways. DMSO/KOH, DMF/NaH, aqueous NaOH with PTC tetrabutylammonium bromide. Infact I didn't find any examples anywhere of DMF/KOH ever used, but I tried and it worked well.
« Last Edit: January 26, 2011, 10:26:29 PM by pyramid »

Enkidu

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #3 on: January 27, 2011, 04:15:53 AM »
Thanks for your experience. As far as refs go, all you've got to do is try to include them for the procedures that you follow.

meme

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #4 on: January 27, 2011, 05:07:06 AM »
Shouldn't alkylation be done first?  If only to eliminate the (mildly) acid pyrrole nitrogen from the Grignard?  While it is not needed (indole grignards are routine chemistry), is there any advantage to doing that step last?

Also, all of the JWH compounds that the DEA has issued intent to control contain the napthoyl moiety, perhaps that would be best to "leave off."  The naphthoyl group can be replaced with a LARGE variety of functionals, much more than the 1-position of the indole can withstand and retain psycho-activity.

pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #5 on: January 27, 2011, 06:12:11 AM »
I do not know how it would effect the reaction by alkylating first, but the main reason for making the naphthoyl indole first was it opens up a few compounds that can be made directly from it. Now of course if alkylation first resulted in the product we want then I'd probably want to do it first, and this would not make a difference in the order of alkylation. It is worth a shot though, however I won't be attempting that soon.

Yes indeed most of these compounds are scheduled or soon will be so analogs containing other groups would be an excellent thing to research. A wide variety of analogs can be made with alkoxy-naphthoyl chlorides and finding synthesis options for many of the starting acids would be useful. What ideas do you have for replacement of the naphthoyl? I'm not super knowledgable in pharmacology affecting groups so not sure what to start thinking of in that regard. Keep in mind, this is purely at home chemical curiosity for me and I do not have EXTENSIVE knowledge yet.


Sedit

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #6 on: January 27, 2011, 07:07:29 AM »
Don't have much time to write a full response right now Pyramid but I just wanted to say thanks for the well written synthesis as its nice to see a new member step in and show they have spent more then 5 seconds in a lab if you know what I mean.

I also would like to add that if possible could you include the references that allowed you to figure out this synthesis as well as a picture if possible, Everyone loves a little chem porn now and then  ;D.
 
All constructive critism bro I hope to see more on the topic soon.
There once were some bees and you took all there stuff!
You pissed off the wasp now enough is enough!!!

meme

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #7 on: January 27, 2011, 05:10:24 PM »
2-substituted phenylacetic acid compounds seem quite worthwhile (i.e. JWH 250).

Anthracene is another homolog of naphthalene which fits into this discussion.

Intergalactic Captain

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #8 on: January 29, 2011, 09:41:14 AM »
A thread was posted under my SN on SMDB a year or two ago regarding a couple of potential ideas - Which were, for the most part, seen as either unfeasible or stupidly circuitous.  The concensus, IIRC, was that huffmann's original and later routes were the quickest, cleanest, and cheapest; alkylate indole, then react with the naphthoyl (or whatever) chloride; indole + acid chloride, then alkylate...

3 reagents, 2 synthetic steps - How could it be easier?  Well, try aquiring indole, napthoyl chloride, phenylacetyl chloride (substituted, etc), napthoylindole, etc...  Or any common acid a-halogenation reagents for that matter, in quantities over 1-5 grams, as an individual...  The quantity qualifier is important, as these reagents CAN be found, but at one hell of a "price of convenience" premium.  Alkyl halides are a piece of cake, provided you can find the parent alcohol (and don't bother looking for n-pentanol or n-pentyl esters - Unless you get a COA, you've probably got iso or sec-amyl...  I've found one source, expensive, but it's a cornucopia that doesn't operate on the quasi-legal side of the fence...Not gonna mass-publicize them)...

The goal here should be finding a way to AVOID huffman's routes - They're nothing special, nothing novel, just sophomore-level o-chem hoisted to infamy for the end result.  Given an academic lab, anyone could do it - However, without that type of stockroom, where are we left?

...In summation, here's an idea, or a few that I've been tossing around...  Phenylacetic halides are ripe for exploration and "relative" ease of preparation...  Many substitution patterns are readily availabe as their benzaldehydes, acetophenones, and benzoic acids - These are all simple starting blocks for homologation to the phenylacetic acids and, (the caveat), the phenacyl halides...  A few reactions to look up - Stephen reduction, and (Don't think there's a name for it, but it's patented) and one-pot from a benzoic acid to a benzonitrile via NaHSO4/Urea/Sulfamic Acid ... And the reaction of a benzyl halide with a cyanide...  And probably countless others...

So, long story short, we should be focusing on the precursors (as it used to be?)...  Short and sweet (minus the chromatographic separation), but that's only when one has the napthoyl or phenacyl halide - Perhaps those interested should be focusing instead on the preparation of acid-halide reagents, or a new route altogether (and forget grignards - I haven't explored EVERYTHING, but that nitrogen, alkylated or not, seems to fuck with just about any grignard or grignard-style organometalic couplings)...

...Just my 2 cents - There's a few ideas I've been mulling about with for quite some time, and this is one of them...Still waiting for that eureka moment - The one missing piece that you can't finish the puzzle without...
« Last Edit: January 29, 2011, 09:45:04 AM by Intergalactic Captain »

meme

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #9 on: January 30, 2011, 05:41:16 PM »
Let's pretend SWIM has 100 kg of indole and 100 kg of napthoic acid, accounts with a million companies, a bunch of nut-busting equipment, and 2-methoxyphenylacetic acid is np.

Furthermore, let's consider triflic acid, and other superacids. protentation of the substate, and cross reference that with the use of an ionic liquid such as Emim/AlCl3.  Any lewis acid superacid that does not destroy the substate should inonize the 3-position of indole effectively enough for the freidel-crafts.

pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #10 on: January 11, 2012, 05:58:04 AM »
Hello!
I did not want to begin a new thread for these compounds, since the yields are mostly not great (no work done to optimize them) and this is just a curiosity.
 First is the precursor, 3-(1-adamantoyl)indole, then two derivatives were done: 1-pentyl and the morpholinylethyl.


1-adamantanecarbonyl chloride

In a 100ml RBF w/stirbar, condenser, drying tube and gas trap was added SOCl2 (35ml, ~480mmol, excess) and to this was added in one portion 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid (4.5g, 25mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 2hr then the bulk of excess SOCl2 distilled off first at atmospheric pressure and finally in vacuum. The residue was held under an argon stream for 10minutes while stirring the residue to remove traces of SO2/SOCl2/HCl.
A small amount of sublimated material was seen in the condenser so the yield was assumed to be 24mmol. The residue was a light yellow oil which crystallized, it was used as such.

3-(1-adamantoyl)indole


Mg chips were activated by removal of oxide layer with dilute AcOH followed by rinsing with EtOH and then Et2O. All glass was flame dried and a calcium chloride tube was employed at all open joints. The CH2Cl2 used was dried over CaCl2 for about a day then distilled from freshly baked K2CO3 prior to use. Et2O was kept over mol sieves and was therefore adequately dry and used directly.

In a 250ml 3-neck RBF equipped with stirbr, thermometer, condenser with drying tube and an addition funnel was placed Mg chips (588mg, 1.1eq, 24.2mmol) and these covered with 3ml Et2O.
In the addition funnel was placed 1-bromoethane (2.9g, 1.25eq, 26.4mmol) and 25ml Et2O.
A few ml was run into the flask and warmed by hand until the reaction begun, and the rest added to sustain reflux.
The funnel was rinsed with 5ml Et2O then the mixture refluxed for 30minutes to ensure conversion.

The flask was cooled lightly in a cool bath of water, and indole (1eq, 22mmol, 2.57g) in 25ml Et2O was added over about 10minutes, and the funnel rinsed with 5ml Et2O.
It is stirred for 15minutes, it becomes two phase and green.
Then in one portion anhydrous ZnCl2 (1.2eq, 26.4mmol, 3.59g) was added as rapidly a possible, and the mixture stirred 30 mins at RT. No color change is observed beside the solution becoming more matte.

The previously prepared acid chloride is dissolved in 20ml CH2Cl2 and added via syringe through a septa over about 5 minutes with VIGOROUS stirring, so as to not trap the stirbar in the precipitated reddish resin. The flask and syringe used for transfer was rinsed 3x with 5ml CH2Cl2.
The mixture becomes bright yellow upon the first drop, then gradually becomes orange with precipitate, and there is only a mild exotherm.
The mixture is stirred for 1hr 30mins and then quenched by 50ml sat. NH4Cl solution. Stirring is continued until all the solids are broken up and free, it becomes a cream color.
The organic solvents are distilled off the the residue cooled and filtered.

The solids are triturated on the filter with a total of 125ml H2O, 60ml acetone/H2O 1:1 and finally washing (with suction) with portions of pure acetone which removes remaining color.

After drying there is obtained 4.59g of beige colored powder, with a sickly sweet odor. Single spot on TLC
74.5% yield, MW: 279.38


1-pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole

Not sure why the yield was so low here, but it could be that not enough time was allowed for total crystallization. It has been observed with other cannabinoids that several days may be needed with constant scratching and cooling cycles to make it all precipitate. Only a few hours was allowed here, if someone repeats, allow full crystallization!

In a 100ml RBF under argon was added 15ml DMSO followed by crushed KOH (3eq, 21.5mmol, 1.2g) and this stirred for 15 mins at RT.
In one portion was added adamantoyl-indole (2g, 7.15mmol) and 1-bromopentane (2eq, 14.3mmol, 2.2eq).
The reaction mixture was heated to 80C for 1hr 30mins and then quenched in 150ml H2O, extracted 3x 30ml CH2Cl2, washed 3x 100ml H2O then 50ml brine.
Solvent evaporated, remaining pinkish oil decanted into a beaker and the flask rinsed with several ml hot hexane (three times) and these added to the beaker.
With scratching and cooling crystallization was initiated, and the solids left for a few hours in the freezer and loosened/crushed then filtered and washed with hexane.

A pale pinkish/flesh colored material was obtained weighing 480mg, a second crop was under 100mg but wasn't even isolated. Single product by TLC
Yield 19.1%, MW 349.5

It is active and lasts quite a while. 10mg seems to be around threshold, this is not a potent compound. 30mg is decent and very cannabinoid like and pleasant, lasting over 4 hours.
Nothing higher has been tried. it vaporizes with no residue, unless superheated or directly ignited.

1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole

In a 50ml RBF with stirbar was added 15ml DMSO and crushed KOH (1.6g, 4eq, 28.6mmol) and after 5 minutes of stirring was added 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride (1.7eq, 12.15mmol, 2.26g). Stirring was continued for 15 minutes then there was added in one portion adamantoyl-indole (2g, 7.15mmol) and the flask heated in a boiling waterbath for 2hr.
The mixture was red, it was dumped into 150ml H2O, extracted 3x 50ml CH2Cl2 and once 25ml, then combined extracts washed 2x 70ml H2O, 50ml dilute HCl which removed yellow coloration, then 2x 70ml H2O and 50ml brine.
The solvent was evaporated and the residue poured into a beaker, and flask rinsed out with a few ml EtOAc. 50ml hexane was added and the solution left to crystallize overnight. Next day there was a layer of crystals on the bottom, all was triturated and placed in freezer, then allowed to come to RT and this repeated 3 times over the course of 2 days.
Additional product ppts during this time where the beaker has been scratched.
The solids were filtered and washed with hexane, to give 1.23g of a clear crystalline material with slight indolic odor.
Yield 43.7% , MW 392.53

The material vaporizes with no residue (unless superheated) and is likely not very useful for bioassaying since this compound has been tested for binding affinities and it seems CB2 selective. See the paper "indol-3-ylcycloalkyl ketones: Effects of N1 Substituted Indole Side Chain Variations on CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Activity"
Regardless bioassays up to 20mg were tested, and sleepiness if anything was the result. Maybe it can be useful if combined with other compounds...



pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #11 on: January 11, 2012, 06:19:25 AM »
Here is just an example where regular AlCl3 was used for a FC of 1-pentylindole and 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride. Yield is shit, frankly, but it works without the need of dimethylaluminum chloride and related. Also, the paper stated above has several examples of this technique giving reasonable results.

The acid chloride was made by refluxing 4-methoxybenzoic acid (anisic acid) in excess SOCl2 for 2hr, removal of bulk of excess SOCl2 by atm. distillation and then by argon stream, no vacuum used.
The pale pink liquid obtained is used as such.


1-pentylindole was made via KOH/DMSO/1-bromopentane at RT under argon with quantitative yield. Procedure is outlined in various places. The reaction is clean, and no chromatography or kugelrohr distillation is needed....a very pale yellow oil is obtained.

1-pentyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole

In a 3 neck 100ml RBF with stirbar, condenser, thermometer, drying tube and gas trap was added 30ml dry CH2Cl and this cooled to 0C. 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride (3eq, 25mmol, 4.26g) was added and then in one portion anhydrous AlCl3 (3eq, 25mmol, 3.33g) which resulted in an instant color change to orange.
This was allowed to come to room temp over 20 minutes with stirring.
1-pentylindole (1.55g, 8.3mmol) in 20ml CH2Cl2 was added dropwise over 25 mins at RT, the solution becomes a deep red.
 The funnel is rinsed with 5ml CH2Cl2 then the mixture is stirred at RT for 22hrs.
It is then poured into a sep funnel containing 40ml NH4Cl solution and the flask rinsed with a few ml CH2Cl and the organic layer drained off.
There is lots of solid (anisic acid most likely) and the entire mess is extracted with 3x 30ml CH2Cl2 and once 20ml, all color is gone from aqueous layer at this point.
The yellow combined org layer is washed with 100ml 10% KOH solution then 100ml H2O then brine.
The solvent is filtered through a cotton plug with Na2SO4 , plug washed 3x 10ml fresh solvent and the solvent removed under vacuum.
The residue is decanted into a beaker, flask rinsed 3x with a few ml .EtOAc and 50ml hexane added. After a night of sitting (after scratching) there is precipitated beige solids, the beaker is scratched again and left in the freezer for a few hours, removed, all solids broken and triturated then filtered and washed with hexane.

There is obtained 660mg of an almost white powder, MW 321.4 , 24% yield.

This is an active compound, also known as RCS-4. 15mg is a decent dosage although duration is short, around 1hr and 30mins.
It's nothing special, really

There is room for improvement with this method, definitely. Yields of ~50-70% (different substrates, though) are obtained on several compounds in the above mentioned paper. 3eq of acid chloride/AlCl3 may not be necessary.
« Last Edit: January 11, 2012, 06:27:00 AM by pyramid »

Dr.Methoxy

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #12 on: January 12, 2012, 07:42:31 PM »
Very good job pyramid  :D

It's a pure pleasure to read your well-written report.  :)

You are a very good chemist, keep on making good exotic stuff !

pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #13 on: January 15, 2012, 06:09:01 PM »
Thanks Dr.Methoxy, glad you enjoy it!

Might as well leave this since  I am here. Here is a very simple oxidation of 1-naphthaldehyde to 1-naphthoic acid using nothing but acetone/KMnO4. No need for pyridine, its not worth the extra cost (even though it is higher yielding) when this works. An excess of KMnO4 seems necessary.

1-naphthoic acid

In a 250ml RBF is placed KMnO4 (55mmol, 8.68g), K2CO3 (25mmol, 3.44g) and 70ml H2O. With stirring and cooling with ice bath there is added dropwise a solution of 1-naphthaldehyde (7.8g, 50mmol) in 50ml technical acetone. The temperature suddenly rises to almost 50C at one point, care must be taken to not let it get out of control.
After adding all the aldehyde it is obvious the KMnO4 is spent and there is oil on the surface of the reaction mixture so it is heated between 55-60C and ~100mg portions of KMnO4 are added until this oil has mostly disappeared. Several portions are added before the disappearance of unreacted aldehyde, then the mixture is stirred for 30 mins then killed with 3ml isopropanol and filtered. The cake is washed with a total of 60ml hot water.
The filtrate is washed 2x 20ml CH2Cl2 then acidified carefully with HCl (foam and CO2) and the precipitate filtered and washed well with 200ml H2O.

After drying there is obtained 5.32g of 1-naphthoic acid as a white dusty powder with a very slight medicinal odor, 30.8mmol, 61.6%.

pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #14 on: February 21, 2012, 01:13:53 AM »
Here is a compound I could not find any information about, 1-pentyl-3-(1-cyclohexyl)indole. It's morpholinylethyl counterpart is reported and CB1 selective, so it was interesting to make the pentyl derivative. I believe this is an unreported compound, unless someone can provide a reference for it. Went through the 3-acylindole intermediate, then alkylation with KOH/DMF/bromopentane  provided the final product.

The small scale is due to a mishap in preparation of the acid chloride, cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride. 5g acid was oringally in the flask, but the product is substantially volatile and there was only 1g left after evaporation. This acid chloride smells exceptionally bad, no attempts were going to be made to recover anything. It is also unfit to repeat this because the odor cannot be dealt with. Nevertheless it will be here for anyone interested.

3-(1-cyclohexyl)indole

In a 100ml 3-neck flask with stirbar, condenser, drying tube, addition funnel and thermometer is placed activated Mg chips (6.6mmol, 1.1eq, 160mg) and these covered in a few ml Et2O. A solution of EtMgBr was made by addition of 1-bromoethane (0.5ml, 1.2eq) in 20ml Et2O, and refluxing until completion of the reaction.
Next there is added dropwise at RT a solution of indole (6mmol, 700mg) in Et2O (10ml, 3ml rinse from funnel). There is slight gas release and the mixture becomes green and two phase.
After 15minutes stirring there is added anhydrous ZnCl2 (817mg, 6mmol) and this is stirred for 30 minutes longer.
Freshly prepared cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride (1.0g, 6.8mmol, 1.13eq) in 8ml Et2O was added over a few minutes dropwise at RT, rinsing the syringe and flask with 2ml Et2O. The solution becomes bright yellow and gradually deepens to red with red ppt. Eventually the stir bar is trapped despite excellent stirring and the mixture is allowed to stand for 2hr 30min.
There is added 20ml sat. NH4Cl to quench the reaction and the mixture stirred, the solids break up become cream colored and finally dissolve in the organic layer. The layers are separated, the organic layer washed with 20ml H2O, filtered through Na2SO4, plug washed free of product an the solvent removed.
The residue is transferred into a beaker with hot EtOAc (total of 15ml) then 40ml hexane is added.
After scratching and sitting on ice, the solids are triturated and filtered, washing with 20ml hexane.
After drying there is obtained 480mg of tan powder, 2.1mmol, 35% yield.

This solid smells like shit, it will make the entire area smell like human excrement if not contained!
It is a single spot by TLC EtOAc/Hex 50:50


1-pentyl-3-(1-cyclohexyl)indole

In a 100ml RBF with stirbar, condenser, drying tube and argon inlet is added 3-(1-cyclohexyl)indole (250mg, 1.1mmol) followed by 15ml dry DMF. There is added to the pale pink solution crushed KOH (2eq, 2.2mmol, ~125mg) which results in an instant color change to yellow. This is stirred at RT for 15mins prior to the addition of 1-bromopentane (1.5eq, 1.65mmol, 250mg or roughly 12-13drops from plastic pipet).
The reaction mixture is heated to 70-80C during 10mins, KBr precipitates and the mixture is a lighter yellow. Heating is continued over 30mins up to 100C then the heat is turned off and the flask stirred of a total of 2hr reaction time at which time it is at RT.
The solution is poured into a sep funnel containing 50ml H2O, the flask rinsed with 50ml H2O then 30ml EtOAc, this in turn being used as the first extraction in the funnel. The aq. Is extracted 2x 30ml EtOAc then the organics washed 2x 50ml H2O then brine.
The extract is filtered thorugh a couple cm Na2SO4, washing the plug with 30ml EtOAc then the solvent is removed in vacuo.
The residue is transferred to a 25ml flask with the help of a few ml CH2Cl2 and this removed, then the residue finally held under vacuum in a hot waterbath to remove any bromopentane or DMF remaining.
There is obtained 300mg of light yellow gum(1mmol, 90%), unable to crystallize from varying solvents. The product is pure according to TLC and it has a sweet odor similar to JWH-018.

It is active and vaporizes cleanly, but like other cannabinoids it will char if heated too strongly.
Bioassays to be taken with a grain of salt becaus the testers tolerance to cannabinoids is high.

1mg is threshold

5mg results in a pleasant state with no fatigue, very heady and strong characteristic cannabinoid feeling in the forehead and behind eyes. Eyes get red, pupils dilate, glazed etc...

10mg is quite strong but this is very mental, which is great. There is no "couch lock" fatigue, it leaves the mind clear. There is also a heightened contrast to color and the edges of objects. Very happy, funny, there is some appetite stimulation, a slightly dry mouth easily remedied by water.

The duration seems to be about 3-5 hours total, with the plateau being about one hour of peak effects and slowly tapering. After exhaling effects can be felt almost immediately, the vapor being held in the lungs for 10 seconds.

There is not too much to say about the action of this stuff that is unique, but it is reasonably potent and enjoyable and does not result in laziness.


Enkidu

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #15 on: February 25, 2012, 03:22:56 PM »
Thank you!

pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #16 on: March 12, 2012, 04:35:07 AM »
Hello,

Here is a report on, as far as I know, an unreported synthesis route for the compound 1-pentyl-3-(3-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole, or JWH-302. Huffman apparently used the Friedel-crafts method (see: "1-Pentyl-3-phenylacetylindoles, a new class of cannabimimetic indoles.") but there seems to be no information on this actual experimental or the compounds melting point. So, the below methods were tried out of curiosity, it works.
A few comments about the final product. It seems to be easily oxidized by air, turning pink then brown. Regardless the color seems to not affect purity, at least by TLC and this is all that is available. There has been no luck trying to crystallize it from EtOAc/Hex or EtOH, gums precipitate so this material may not be a solid like its positional isomer JWH-250.

All materials used in the first step are dry as possible, glass flame dried, excess bromoethane is used because some always gets lost through the condenser. The yield may seem low but it is quite common for this method to yield anywhere from 20-35%, and even up to 75% as seen previously in the thread.
The acid chloride was made via refluxing the corresponding phenylacetic acid in excess SOCl2 then removal in vacuo, this gave a red oil used as such without further purification.

3-(3-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole

In a 250ml RBF with stirbar, thermometer, condenser, drying tube and addition funnel under argon is added Mg chips (27.5mmol, 1.1eq, 670mg) and these covered in  Et2O (3ml).
A solution of ethylmagnesium bromide is formed in the usual manner by addition of 1-bromoethane (30mmol, 1.2eq, 2.53ml) in Et2O (20ml) and after addition the solution is refluxed for 20 minutes to complete the reaction, there is a small amount of Mg left.
There is then added dropwise over 5 minutes a solution of indole (2.93g, 25mmol) which results in a two-phase light green mixture and some gas release. This is stirred for 15 mins then anhydrous ZnCl2 (1.1eq, 3.75mmol) is added in one portion.
After 30 minutes of stirring at RT, a solution of 3-methoxyphenylacetyl chloride (1.05 eq, 26.25mmol, 4.84g) in Et2O (15ml, 2ml rinse of syringe used) is added dropwise at such a rate to keep the temperature below 35C, which took 20 minutes without cooling. The solution is slightly exothermic with some bubbling, and a red gum precipitates which eventually traps the stirbar. At the 3/4 mark of addition the solution becomes deep green then becomes orange again as addition is continued.
The orange mixture with ppt is allowed to stand for 2hr then 50ml sat NH4Cl is added and the mixture stirred well for 30 minutes, then the mixture poured into a separatory funnel and the residues in the flask rinsed with 20ml Et2O.
The aqueous layer is discarded and the organic layer washed with 50 ml H2O, but solids began precipitating after draining the wash, so they were broken and all poured into a beaker, rinsing out the remaining product with Et2O (~40ml).
After sitting for 30 mins in an ice bath the brown solids were filtered and washed with some Et2O, then the solids dissolved in boiling acetone (20ml) and dropwise water was added with good stirring by a spatula, crushing and triturating the solids as they were formed. A total of 50ml H2O was added, then the solids allowed to stand for 1hr at RT then filtered and washed with H2O (100ml) then hexane (30ml).
After drying there was obtained 1.48g of pale charcoal/pinkish needles with no odor, MW 235.28, 25.16% yield.

Pure by TLC.

1-pentyl-3-(3-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole

Under argon in a 50ml RBF with stirbar, condenser, drying tube and thermometer is added 3-(3-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole (1.0g, 4.25mmol) followed by DMF (15ml) and crushed KOH (2eq, 8.5mmol, 480mg).
The brown solution is stirred for 15 mins at RT then in one portion there is added 1-bromopentane (1.5eq, 6.38mmol, 790ul)  which results in gradual clouding of the reaction mixture.
The RM is heated to 90C over 20 minutes then the heat removed and the flask stirred over the hotplate (still warm) for a total of 2hr reaction time, RT was reached within the first hour and there is precipitated KBr on flask walls and in suspension.
The solution is then poured into a separatory funnel containing H2O (50ml) and the flask rinsed with an equal amount of H2O then EtOAc, this being used as the first extraction, then the aqueous extracted 30ml EtOAc. The combined organics are washed 3x H2O (50ml) then brine (35ml) and the solvent filtered through a 2cm plug of Na2SO4. The solvent was evaporated to give a dark oil, by TLC there is one product at the top of solvent front, and a non-eluting spot.
The oil is dissolved in minimal (~15ml) EtOAc/Hexane 1:1 and filtered (with light suction, enough for a steady stream but not gushing!) on a 3cm plug of 12g 20micron silica gel covered in 2cm of Na2SO4 to protect the silica, eluting with 120ml EtOAc/Hex 1:1 which gives one fraction of the product, the top of the plug is black and the filtrate is light orange. The solvent is removed in vacuo, holding the residue under vacuum in a water bath to remove all solvents. The remaining orange gum weighs 1.40g (MW 335.44, 4.17mmol, 98% yield) and seems to be oxidized by air, giving a pink, then brown coloration. Regardless, the product stays pure according to TLC, and has a light indolic odor. It should be stored under argon as a precaution.


The first bioassay was done by vaporizing about 1mg off foil, this resulted in 2hr of light cannabinoid like effects with slightly glazed eyes, appetite stimulation, and feelings of lightness. Just above threshold. It vaporizes leaving a small amount of char where the material was placed.

Second, 3mg was vaporized and this was every bit as strong as an equal amount of JWH-018 but with much more enjoyable, happy effects resulting in laughter, not common for the bio tester to achieve unless using larger doses of cannabis. Normal cannabis like effects were noted but less laziness/tiredness. This is a nice dose, lasting about 3hr.

5mg is very strong and bordering on dizziness and general discomfort from CB1 overload, duration about 3hr with lingering effects hard to describe for another hour or so.

10mg was far too much and nearly resulted in vomiting, there was much color enhancement and occasional blurring of vision, very red eyes and large pupils. This is too much! The tester went to bed 4.5 hr later with lingering dizziness and weakness, along with general stoning feeling. Sleep came very quickly.

Overall this is a potent compound and the effects are enjoyable, that's for sure. It seems going over 5mg gives overstimulation and becomes unpleasant, but the effects are extremely heavy and possibly some people can handle this and enjoy that.
« Last Edit: March 12, 2012, 04:39:22 AM by pyramid »

Enkidu

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #17 on: March 13, 2012, 02:39:59 PM »
A few comments about the final product. It seems to be easily oxidized by air, turning pink then brown. Regardless the color seems to not affect purity, at least by TLC and this is all that is available.

The color change seems to be common to many of the JWH compounds. Interesting that the change produces no detectable impurities..

pyramid

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #18 on: March 13, 2012, 08:41:16 PM »
Which compounds in particular are you thinking of? I have heard of people receiving products from say an RC vendor that are colored, but not really about color changes over storing periods.
All the above compounds beside the JWH-302 have stayed their original color, and they have not been stored under inert gas.
I am not saying it does not occur though.

Also, someone should not read this and think if your compound is colored/becoming colored it is pure, because JWH-302 is the only one I tested this for (after periods of letting a spot sit out in air over a few days). If one has a sample that is becoming colored, check it by TLC or some other way to be sure.
I do want to say though that JWH-018 is colored, it is an orange/yellow gum after chromatography and after crystallization, depending on crystal size, it is anywhere from very light orange to light yellow if crushed to a powder.
I always wondered how people are getting sparkly white cannabinoids when many simply do not look like this in my experience. Many are slightly colored, the color greatly depends on the density and crystal size. Gums are even deeper colored... Now, not all, but I'm talking of JWH-018 in particular.

Well that's beside the point, I also find it interesting that the impurities present must be very minimal because they don't show on TLC, and it has been tested for completely dark brown material.

BTW, anyone else out there interested in this area of indole cannabinoids? Anyone got synthetic info to share?

carl_nnabis

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Re: 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
« Reply #19 on: May 26, 2012, 09:15:26 PM »
Man, that thread made me so jealous of you ;D
I also had a look into that sort of cannabinoids, but still have to ask my chemical supplier for naphtoylchloride, because otherwise it has to be made myself starting from 1-bromonaphthalene... Grignard with CO2, which sucks because you have to weigh the flask during reaction but Et2O always gets lost, then reaction with SOCl2 which really sucks, and I dont see why i should do this then^^.
This synthesis is really straight forward i think, or was there anything unusual? Maybe I could adapt this when i am done with my current "synth-stoner" project, and then make JWH-019 instead. Synthetic cannabinoids are really fascinating for personal research!
To your appearance of that stuff: Once I had some JWH-018 lieing under my pc in a plasticbag, that stuff also melted in the bag to a clear sirupy oil, after cooling it looked like gum and became opaque/bit yellow after a few days. I dont think its unusual that yours is colored, years ago when the first cannabinoids were sold made in rather small batches in china, a lot of people had it in the same appearance. I think they just worked some things out and refined the whole synthesis to an optimum when they scaled up to get that look, i wont be concerned about it.
"It's like the drug trip I saw when I was on that drug trip!"