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loki
guinea pig
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| Joined: 09 Mar 2005 |
| Posts: 391 |
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14167.88 Points
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thought there was no eph. plant sources THINK AGAIN
Sun May 22, 2005 4:31 pm |
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I don't know why I never investigated this before, but now I have. The controllers of honey manufacture BEWARE
some people may have become aware that para hydroxy ephedrine can be found in citrus aurantium, which is of not much interest except maybe as a way to make that evil amphetamine PMA.
But there's more!
Sida Cordyfolia is a common weed (common worldwide) and quite prolific apparently, grows all over the warm parts of australia, for example.
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Scientific noun: Sida cordifolia
Common noun: : Bala
Family :Mallow family -malvaceae
Description: Perennial shrub of the mallow family up to 1 m. Erect stems, ligneous. Leaves cordate, hairy with serrate edge. Yellow flowers, gathered in final inflorescences. Fruit in capsule.
Habitat: Native from tropical America, it has spread along many tropical regions in the world , where propagates so fast to be considered an invasive herb. This generally occurs in very spoilt soils because of the heavy rains, excessive hot or uncontrolled grazing.
Active principles:
* Resins
* Essential oils
* Alkaloids: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine , vasicinone, vasicine and vasicinol
Active parts: Seeds, leaves and roots
Uses :
The seeds are used as heart stimulant, although for its content in ephedrine can be toxic. Ephedrine, (efedra, Sida cordifolia) caffeine, (coffee, mate, guarana, line) or sinephedrine, (sour orange, Sida cordifolia) enter as components of many stimulating medications, to alleviate the pain, to remove the sensation of hunger - nutritious diets - or to increase the caloric expense, by accelerating the metabolism. Many athletes also use this component in preparations to increase musculación. Among other effects the ingesta of this component can aim at other objectives as sensation of personal well-being or bigger sexual pleasure.
· With the crushed leaves can be carried out a cataplasm to alleviate local pains and because of its astringent value for the cure of external wounds or imperfections of the skin.
· The bronchodilator value of the vasicinone, vasicine and vasicinol are used to elaborate preparations for the treatment of the bronchial affections, especially in what refers to the cough, asthma, bronchitis, nasal congestion, flu, pain in the chest , etc.
· Being considered a diaphoretic - it increases perspiration- it has an added value to fight the previous affections, at the same time that it is very appropriate to reduce the fever. (Decoctions of the root)
In India it is considered an ayurvedic plant - system of holistic medicine in India, with more than 5000 years of antiquity that conceives the health like the result of a lifestyle in general, in which the body, the mind and the spirit form a whole. It is an entire philosophical way of leaving in which would enter the diet so much, as the yoga, the meditation or the use of natural remedies.
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Another source is a chinese herb called Pinellia ternata is also a source of ephedrine.
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Now, another issue has been raised with regard to yet another commonly used Chinese herb: pinellia (banxia). One of the plants used as a source of this herb was reported to contain ephedrine in a Japanese chemical journal article published in 1978. Even though the content of this component is miniscule-0.002% according to their report-the authors of the article suggested that it was a key active constituent of the herb. In 1996, researchers in Nanjing described their attempt to evaluate the effect of different processing methods for pinellia (ginger juice, alum, or the combination or neither) on the ephedrine content (2). They noted a content of 0.003%, with amounts that seemed to vary somewhat with the processing; using both ginger juice and alum, which is the preferred method, gave the highest amount of ephedrine.
Northern pinellia and southern pinellia
The situation for Chinese herbalists is complicated by the fact that the report of ephedrine in pinellia has been from tests with the source material Pinellia ternata (referred to as "northern banxia," pictured upper left) while most of the pinellia used in China and in the West is actually from a related plant that has the same uses: Typhonium flagelliforme (referred to as "southern banxia," pictured lower right), which has no ephedrine.
Fortunately, as noted above, the ephedrine content reported for Pinellia ternata tubers, raw or processed for the pharmacy, is very low (about 20-30 ppm, or 350 times less than in ma-huang). Pharmacology tests with pinellia (3) have shown it to have sedative, rather than stimulant properties, as might be expected from ephedrine if present in significant quantities. And, testing done for ephedrine thus far by herb companies has mainly shown negative results. For example, from Kaiser Pharmaceuticals (KPC), a letter was sent (4):
This letter is to certify that KPC Products, Inc. has had our Ban Xia single herb granules tested for ephedrine alkaloids. The testing was conducted at the USC School of Pharmacy. The laboratory results show that at a sensitivity of 10 parts per billion, all of the six ephedrine alkaloids are undetectable.
Other companies have gotten similar results (personal communications). Only one company thus far, using products manufactured in China, has claimed any positive tests for ephedrine in pinellia samples.
Unfortunately, the public demands on the FDA are for ephedrine-free products. The FDA has stated that its regulations on dietary supplements are not intended to influence herb prescribing by health professionals or to affect Asian herbal products. Nonetheless, at least one Chinese herb product manufacturer, rather than awaiting adverse rulings or publicity, has taken pinellia out of their products. In the end, testing for ephedrine and/or reliance on southern banxia for pinellia will resolve most of the problem, though the common name "pinellia" which has been applied all along, may still cause some people to worry about its potential content of ephedrine.
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The one you want to look for is pinellia ternata, the other one is more common and not so useful.
My My OH MY... sida cordyfolia is the most useful looking one there, the levels of alkaloids rival or exceed ephedra sinensis, and best of all, it's a common, invasive weed which is just about everywhere with a warm climate. |
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re: thought there was no eph. plant sources THINK AGAIN
Sun May 22, 2005 6:41 pm |
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actually in the US at least, ephedra is still quite legal and can easily be obtained in bulk, its only illegal to sell it as a supplement or in single dose form.
many people have not thoroughly read the new laws, and the public has the misconception that either its deadly poison that will kill you if you even look at it or as illegal as crack.
from what i found sida has only about half the ephedrine percentage of typical ephedra still an amount very feasable for extraction, and since it tends to cost roughly half as much it works out.
i was not able to locate the structure of vascinone, so i don't know how difficult it would be to seperate it from the ephedrine. |
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loki
guinea pig
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| Joined: 09 Mar 2005 |
| Posts: 391 |
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14167.88 Points
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re: thought there was no eph. plant sources THINK AGAIN
Tue May 24, 2005 8:42 am |
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i think making the oxalate and precipitating it out of water would probably work for separation (ephedrine oxalate is sparingly soluble in water).
well i'll be damned... the actual plant (ephedrine) is banned in australia... can't get it for love or money (except under the counter somewhere i presume) |
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loki
guinea pig
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| Joined: 09 Mar 2005 |
| Posts: 391 |
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14167.88 Points
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re: thought there was no eph. plant sources THINK AGAIN
Tue May 24, 2005 3:43 pm |
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weird, only took me a few minutes when i tried to find those other alkaloids with google
vasicine
http://ctd.mdibl.org/voc.go?voc=chemical&browser=r&termUI=vasicine
vasicinone
http://www.buyreagents.com/vasicinone.html
vasinol i couldn't find structures for but it's probably a pretty safe bet that it's the same as vasicinone but with an alcohol rather than ketone.
from a cursory look at activities of these alkaloids at http://www.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/listchempl2.xsql?chem=V it would appear they have anticholinergic, antihistamine, and bronchidilator effects, probably would be more effective than ephedra for bronchial asthma then (and wouldn't you know it, i get bronchial asthma)
by the looks of these structures i'd guess that they would be easy to separate by their almost certain lower solubility, vaguely similar type of molecules to betacarbolines which are not very soluble.
acid base extraction and then ketone wash would probably do the trick nicely. |
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Noven
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| Joined: 01 Jul 2005 |
| Posts: 3 |
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104.16 Points
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re: thought there was no eph. plant sources THINK AGAIN
Sun Sep 11, 2005 11:44 pm |
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You seem like a man after my own heart - I'll extract from plants to begin anyday. When ephedra plants were made illegal it really hit SWIM hard. SWIM used a tea of e. nevadensis as a base for a herbal party drink which supported a bush doof habit.
While a master of herbs my lab skills are in their infancy. Know anyone who's had success with an extraction yet? SWIM is going to have a play in the near future... |
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loki
guinea pig
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| Joined: 09 Mar 2005 |
| Posts: 391 |
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14167.88 Points
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re: thought there was no eph. plant sources THINK AGAIN
Wed Sep 14, 2005 8:52 am |
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| noven: have you any reliable information regarding the alkaloid content of ephedra nevadensis, because it's still legal here and personally i have a fetish for freebases which you can make into glistening transparent crystals (ephedrine doesn't do this so well) |
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