Author Topic: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate  (Read 90 times)

JustDreaming

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Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« on: April 12, 2012, 11:07:04 PM »
Alright you organic chem guru's I've got a question for you. Now I've thought about this a bit and did some research but keep getting stuck in 'chem loops'.

Now whether or not methyl tosylate works for phenolic substrates isn't  debate-able. Base catalyzed phenoxide formation, and a typical SN2 ensues(hopefully I didn't get to cocky but I'm pretty sure this is how this works). This is certainly most useful for methyl and benzyl aryl ethers, so there is no competing elimination reaction(as I understand it at least ).

The tricky part is the aldehyde moeity and the base/solvent used. To show that I am not asking for spoon-feeding here are some of my thoughts(none of which are fruitful so feel free to skip down to the best idea part).

For example, acetone cannot be a solvent due to base catalyzed  condensation reactions are higher temperatures, throwing an aldehyde in there sounds like its begging for undesired condensation products as well as enolates? Also K2CO3 dries acetone so that's not really a safe bet and likely boils to low for this reaction to procede reasonably? Aldehydes forms a reversable schiff bases with 1* and 2* amines such so perhaps a tertiary amine? Suppose a schiff-base could be hydrolyzed back with a weak acid to prevent acetal formation. However, a solvated ionic base would probably aid phenoxide formation greater then a tertiary amine(haven't checked pKas in solvents or anything). (chem 'loops' start happening about here)

Best idea eye have:
Maybe form the acetal as a protecting group the procede with the alkylation that will not be reversible in basic conditions? Then remove the acetal in acid after?

Essentially I'm wondering if anyone can find any references for this being done, or is my best idea the most 'solid'?
« Last Edit: April 12, 2012, 11:09:01 PM by JustDreaming »
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pyramid

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #1 on: April 13, 2012, 12:02:50 AM »
Phenolic aldehydes are commonly alkylated in acetone, DMF, DMSO and there is no problem. I would just try forming the phenolate in DMF with either K2CO3 or KOH, then drop wise add alkylation agent, maybe at higher temp depending on substrate. Use inert atmosphere of course.
The only way to find out is to try, if you have this methylating agent available you should do so. Try it on something simple like 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, or 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde or the like.

I've never had good success with ANYTHING using acetone for a solvent even when rigorously purified, and you cannot get too high a temperature as you said. Try with the theoretically best conditions (well... Standard) and use DMF to see if it can work then go from there.

Do you have any substrate in mind?



JustDreaming

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #2 on: April 13, 2012, 12:26:18 AM »
So forming the acetal is not necessary?

I do have access to methyl tosylate. A substrate test is always a good idea, I'll have to find one to play with before putting my reagent where my mouth is.

I have a bit of DMSO hanging around but it's oxidized and sounds a serious stinky pain to dry. DMF would be nice to have for a few reasons but NMP, or MEK might be more practical in finding OTC and drying. Thanks for the tip on the acetone.

I didn't realize an inert atmosphere would be necessary, that will likely delay things.
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pyramid

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #3 on: April 13, 2012, 03:18:38 AM »
No it is not necessary

Some tests would be a great addition of knowledge, just do small scale trials if you have everything. DMF is not easily OTC, but it is the best solvent to have a good baseline. If you cannot obtain it, then try NMP, but forget MEK. Maybe even acetonitrile/K2CO3

If alkylation happens fast enough it may work in aqueous medium, but this has to be tested!

Inert atmosphere is very beneficial as most phenolate salts are easily oxidized by air, but sometimes you can just use butane or a fluorocarbon from a dust remover spray.

The main thing is to try it and report what does and does not work so others can build on it since I've not seen someone attempt using this reagent on phenolic aldehydes of interest(does someone have examples?). Be prepared for some possible failure but don't be discouraged...


JustDreaming

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #4 on: April 13, 2012, 03:54:03 AM »
Excellent. Will get on this as soon as possible and report back :) . Will check via TLC and melting points. Yea NMP sounds best for now. Doubt that lactam will open from K2CO3, however it does have a rather high boiling point which could make work-up painful. Who knows, the reaction may even procede reasonably at STP. For N-Alkylation I've seen alkyl tosylates used at 'high-temperatures' for long periods of time iirc. Totally different substrate though, we'll see.

To be honest I find the lack of information involving alkyl tosylates and aryl ether formation a bit curious. I'm not new to the persistent trying and 'failing'. Failure to receive product is a success in gaining a better approach to said product. Thanks for the insight as always pyramid.
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atara

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #5 on: April 16, 2012, 06:02:36 PM »
Forming an acetal to alkylate a phenol is totally unnecessary. The phenol will accept a methyl group way easier than the aldehyde. Sodium carbonate is a fine base, [dry] methanol is a reasonable solvent -- you don't need to overthink this.

Tsathoggua

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #6 on: April 18, 2012, 10:06:17 AM »
Toady might suggest vanillin as a substrate aldehyde. Its cheap as dirt, and the methylated product will be useful. Not to mention that its methylated derivative is known in the literature.

And non-toxic to boot. Although when methylating agents/alkylating agents in general are put in play, the toxicity of the aldehyde goes right out of the window as a consideration, they are all nasty. Some less noxious than others, such as say, trimethyl phosphate, but aside from their insidious carcinogenic toxicity the acute toxicity of some of them, such as Me2SO4 is extreme.
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JustDreaming

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #7 on: April 18, 2012, 03:12:16 PM »
When time permits eye will be tempting a synthesis of Veratraldehyde from vanillin, using TsOMe in a few solvents. The advice given here has been exceptional. The literature lacks in examples of this being done, or perhaps my article digging is slacking. So it's time to do rather then dig. I was under the impression the aldehyde was the oxygen sensitive functional group rather then the phenolate. Which is not the case. Next post will be with results.
« Last Edit: April 18, 2012, 03:50:43 PM by JustDreaming »
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Tsathoggua

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #8 on: April 18, 2012, 05:31:55 PM »
Phenates are air-sensitive? is it specific to this substrate, or does that apply to phenate salts in general? If so..never knew that. What are the typical end products of such an oxidation? if it is an oxidation of course, and not reacting with airborne CO2.
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JustDreaming

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Re: Phenolic Aldehyde Alkylation with Methyl Tosylate
« Reply #9 on: April 18, 2012, 07:15:46 PM »
I'm sure it is substrate and temperature/pressure specific. Found an article hinting at this with vitamin E as a substrate.Then again vitamin E is well known antioxidant because of this, whereas other phenolate salts likely are not.

Kinetic study of the electron-transfer oxidation of the phenolate anion of a vitamin E model by molecular oxygen generating superoxide anion in an aprotic medium
Ikuo Nakanishi ,  Kentaro Miyazaki ,  Tomokazu Shimada ,  Yuko Iizuka ,  Keiko Inami ,  Masataka Mochizuki ,  Shiro Urano ,  Haruhiro Okuda ,  Toshihiko Ozawa ,  Shunichi Fukuzumi ,  Nobuo Ikota and Kiyoshi Fukuhara
Org. Biomol. Chem., 2003, 1, 4085-4088
DOI: 10.1039/B306758K

Lubricants and Special Fluids
 By Václav Št?pina, Václav Veselý, Václav Veselý (engineer.)
Page 20,  Section "Phenolates"
Quote
The concentration of phenolates in package additives is about 20 to 60 % weight. The higher concentration is recommended in oil for highly thermally-loaded engines, where they sometimes perform the function of antioxidants.
Again very different conditions.

I have read about copper(even copper powder) and amine complexes and slightly elevated temperatures with molecular oxygen, oxidation of phenol occurs.  Whether or not the reaction procedes without a catalyst I haven't taken the time to discern.

A carboxylation of the phenolate sounds a lot more likely :). I'm not sure and have no real evidence for what I said, so it shouldn't have been presented in the manner it was. I'm sorry. Either way the acetal is unnecessary and regular atmosphere should be avoided for the alkylation.  If CO2 was the only worry then air could perhaps be bubbled through an NaOH solution and an activated carbon plug then fed into the reaction mixture, maybe I'll toy with that later(for learning purposes only).

Anyways, next post I make will have results  :].
« Last Edit: April 18, 2012, 07:31:25 PM by JustDreaming »
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