Author Topic: Anandamide and Analogs  (Read 201 times)

blackr

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Anandamide and Analogs
« on: March 30, 2010, 01:17:02 AM »
I regard the Vespiary and Blacklight as the top-tier chemistry forums so I'm cross-posting this here from BL.


Hello Everyone,

I have been researching Endocannabinoids lately and have come to the conclusion that anandamide and its analogs could be extremely useful compounds. I believe of all the analogs studied so far, the three below are the most interesting.

(R)-(+)-Methanandamide
ACEA
ACPA

I can attach structures if requested. ACEA and ACPA don't seem to inhibit FAAH so an inhibitor would probably be needed. Also, ACEA looks like it could be an alkylating agent and could possibly bond to various receptors which is bad news. (R)-(+)-Methanandamide is metabolically stable, and is not hydrolyzed by FAAH.

I'd like this thread to spark discussion on unique Endocannabinoid analogs, especially anandamide. Discussion should include theoretical activity, safety, possible metabolites, etc.

Also, I have scoured forums and any medical articles I could find related to (R)-(+)-Methanandamide and have not found a single human bioassay. Has anyone here heard of any human bioassays on this material? If not why would you think this is? I don't see anything about the compound that screams out toxicity or irreversible damage.

I would love to hear from synapse on this subject. Your novel compound BLK-S-2 is wonderful and I would like to hear from you about the possible toxicity compared to other popular cannabinoids in the JWH series. Hmm, maybe I should address this in the Bioassay thread?


EDIT:

Forgot to add one thing. It looks like ACEA is being offered by a few overseas suppliers which I believe could be extremely dangerous if it is in fact an alkylating agent. If it is being offered by this many suppliers it can only mean that vendors are either using this compound or planning on using this compound in cannabinoid herbal blends. Any insight?


EDIT2:

Last one I promise. Various N-acylethanolamines have been shown to be bioactive. Analogs could prove to be highly potent. I have not studied this much but I believe they interact by temporarily increasing natural levels of anandamide in the body. Any further information would be valuable for all due to the ease of synthesis.
« Last Edit: March 30, 2010, 01:24:20 AM by blackr »

Vesp

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #1 on: March 30, 2010, 02:29:41 AM »
This is a topic that interests me, So please update this thread with your posts on the other forums, if anything interesting pops up, I would like to see it. :)
Especially if it can be synthesized easily, is legal, and has decent activity/effects.
Here, these links, articles, etc might be useful, if you have not seen them already.
http://127.0.0.1/talk/index.php/topic,863.0.html ( Oleamide... )
http://127.0.0.1/talk/index.php/topic,91.0.html (Anandamide - a cannabinoid that may have recreational potential? )
http://127.0.0.1/talk/index.php/topic,337.0.html (Bibenzyl Cannabinoid from NZ Liverwort 'Radula marginata')
http://127.0.0.1/talk/index.php/topic,794.0.html (THC & Tropacocaine Otto Snow)

I think what might be just as useful as an analog of anandamide is a decent FAAH inhibitor,metabolized paracetamol produces a FAAH inhibitor, but I am unsure of how effective it is, as I believe I mentioned earlier, analogues of the FAAH inhibitor formed should be very easy to produce.

Anyways, back on topic - It seems like the most readily altered function when it comes to the anandamide structure is obviously the carboxylic acid. In lack of better terms...what part of the receptor does that fit in? If we can figure that out, perhaps we can make decent guesses as to what functional group would be best to add, such as amide, N-methyamide, esters of amines, etc..

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Naf1

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #2 on: March 30, 2010, 04:27:54 AM »
I thought I would add this here, I was talking with Ziggy about paracetamol (acetominophen). And brought up that from a pharmacology point of view it was known to react via at least two pathways. One of the metabolites of paracetamol; AM404 was known, from wiki;

"Paracetamol is metabolized to AM404, a compound with several actions; most important, it inhibits the uptake of the endogenous cannabinoid/vanilloid anandamide by neurons. Anandamide uptake would result in the activation of the main pain receptor (nociceptor) of the body, the TRPV1 (older name: vanilloid receptor). Furthermore, AM404 inhibits sodium channels, as do the anesthetics lidocaine and procaine.[40] Either of these actions by themselves has been shown to reduce pain, and are a possible mechanism for paracetamol, though it has been demonstrated that, after blocking cannabinoid receptors and hence making any action of cannabinoid reuptake irrelevant, paracetamol loses analgesic effect, suggesting its pain-relieving action is mediated by the endogenous cannabinoid system.[41]"
        Acetominophen                                                                                           AM404
                                                                 

Suggested starting point N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide               The endogenous cannabinoid Anandamide
                                                                               

I speculated that N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide in analogous doses would produce anandamide as a metabolite (in vitro). If this was correct other cannabinoids could theoretically be produced (in vitro) providing unwatched precursors and methods.
« Last Edit: March 30, 2010, 04:35:37 AM by Naf1 »

Vesp

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #3 on: March 30, 2010, 04:37:29 AM »
Quote
I speculated that N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide in analogous doses would produce anandamide as a metabolite (in vitro). If this was correct other cannabinoids could theoretically be produced (in vitro) providing inwatched precursors and methods.

Wow, Brilliant way to go about that! At least if this is possibly, I bet the aromatic ring plays a very important roll however, when it comes to its metabolism. Also one might have a problem with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide being possibly carcinogenic? I know acetamide itself is carcinogenic, however, I don't know anything about substituted acetmides.
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Naf1

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #4 on: March 30, 2010, 05:09:43 AM »
Acetominophen (paracetamol) is an acetamide, dont think thats carcinogenic. At least not with the small doses taken, they even have kids paracetamol down here.

The patent;
PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES AND USE THEREOF AS INHIBITORS OF STEAROYL-COA DESATURASE
http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/ja/wo.jsp?WO=2009010560&IA=EP2008059387&DISPLAY=DESC

Describes their use in medication as a penetration enhancer.

http://www.goodguide.com/ingredients/160160-n-2-hydroxyethylacetamide

Sorry for taking so long to respond, I was looking for some reference to cannabinoid antagonists and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide.

Vesp

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #5 on: March 30, 2010, 05:12:37 AM »
The last link does not work properly for me, maybe double check it?
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Naf1

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #6 on: March 30, 2010, 05:29:03 AM »
Double checked and it worked fine in Firefox, Chrome and IE ???


The Vanilloid Receptor TRPV1
& Other TRP Channels
http://www.vincibiochem.it/PDFFiles/Vaniiloid.pdf
« Last Edit: March 30, 2010, 05:33:54 AM by Naf1 »

Enkidu

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #7 on: March 30, 2010, 06:02:58 AM »
I speculated that N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide in analogous doses would produce anandamide as a metabolite (in vitro).

Unfortunately, I suspect it doesn't work like that.

blackr

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #8 on: March 30, 2010, 07:10:18 AM »
The problem with Anandamide is FAAH. FAAH hydrolyzes Anandamide extremely quickly into the corresponding (in this case arachidonic) fatty acid and ethanolamine. I will definitely post any relevant replies from BL over here. I urge all of you to register over at BL. These two communities are full of competent, knowledgeable folks all after the same goal  :)

Vesp:

Relating to an FAAH inhibitor; I have not come across any reversible/short active FAAH inhibitors in my research. Most of the FAAH inhibitors I have found have either been irreversible (permanent) or not suitable for human consumption for various reasons. Also, not sure if you guys have seen it or not but a research group in Belgium have "found" a second hydrolase which I will call NAEH (N-acylethanolamine hydrolase) which may also hydrolyze N-acylethanolamines like Anandamide: http://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/geninfo/04_ueda.pdf

The body is complex no doubt about it  :) Maybe what's called for is an FAAH and NAEH inhibitor (which I haven't been able to find) along with a potent N-acylethanolamine. I think the key to cannabinoids in the future will be a derivative of arachidonic acid; possibly with a carrier with inhibitory effects. We need to stop looking at the various JWH and related compounds and come up with some new compounds. Preferably a step or two away from nature so we can bring it to the masses.
« Last Edit: March 30, 2010, 07:20:27 AM by blackr »

Vesp

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #9 on: March 31, 2010, 06:18:49 AM »
Just for the sake of this discussion, here is a link connecting the two posts, so there is more information on this link as well... http://forums.blacklight.me/viewtopic.php?f=32&t=1330
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xxx

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #10 on: April 02, 2010, 07:39:37 PM »
Just a quick note...
Around here, I noticed that recently many 'stoners' are taking paracetamol prior to, and during, the smoking of cannabis or JWH-018 based alternatives (Spice, Triple X, Spice Gold, Smoke, Genie, Pulse). They claim it amplifies the effects of the cannabis or alternative cannibis type material.

My understanding is that Paracetamol is a prodrug to cannibinoids, is this correct? So it kinda 'Helps' the cannibinoids do what they do, yeah?

Vesp

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #11 on: April 02, 2010, 10:26:48 PM »
It isn't a prodrug, it inhibits FAAH. Read the links, etc

FAAH = Fatty acid amide hydrolase

I doubt FAAH inhibitors play a roll in anything with the classical type cannabinoids or JWH-018, but I could be wrong.
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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #12 on: April 02, 2010, 11:06:45 PM »
I will read em ASAP, it was just a quick note as I remembered a conversation, and several observations, I had recently and thought it may be of some use.

Perhaps it is just a placebo effect!

blackr

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #13 on: April 15, 2010, 02:45:49 AM »
Crossposting from BL. Two interesting articles on dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors. Looks like a combination FAAH/MAGL inhibitor does the trick.

Enkidu

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #14 on: April 16, 2010, 09:37:52 AM »
A little off topic, but seems relevant in the "these inhibitors are a whole new can of worms, are they safe?" sort of way. Don't think that increasing endocannabinoid levels dramatically will only effect CB1 and 2...

blackr

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #15 on: April 16, 2010, 09:39:51 PM »
You raise a good point. I do know that in the PNAS (I think it is the PNAS paper) they mention the fact that previous single inhibitors have resulted in dead mice after just one administration after 2 days. With the new compound they have administered the drug multiple times a day over the period of 6 days and the mice did not perish. This compound also seems EXTREMELY specific to FAAH (and its small counterpart, forget the name) and MAGL and does not affect Acetylcholinesterase. Off the top of my head, the PNAS study showed after about 8-10 hours endocannabinoid levels in the test mice returned to normal with no measured side effects.

EDIT:

Thanks for the article Enkidu. Our endocannabinoid system is extremely advanced and plays a large part in our bodies. I would think that our bodies would be able to return to homeostasis once the inhibitory effects wear off. We're resilient sons of bitches  ;D  As long as the inhibitors are irreversible and don't covalently bond they seem relatively safe. Enkidu: Any worries about that Nitrogen Dioxide molecule coming off after ingestion?
« Last Edit: April 16, 2010, 09:42:15 PM by blackr »

Enkidu

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #16 on: April 16, 2010, 10:35:46 PM »
The 'nitrogen dioxide group' that you mention is called the nitro group. Generally speaking, aryl nitro and amino compounds are often unsafe, e.g., paracetamol. The hydrolysis of the carbamate will produce the p-nitrophenol that murphy warned about.

Edit: and just to be picky, it's a nitro moiety, not molecule in that sense.
« Last Edit: April 16, 2010, 11:02:13 PM by Enkidu »

Naf1

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #17 on: April 17, 2010, 12:14:09 AM »
I speculated that N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide in analogous doses would produce anandamide as a metabolite (in vitro).

Unfortunately, I suspect it doesn't work like that.

Although I do concede that the proposal of taking N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide like paracetamol is silly, my reasoning is not! I had some references to papers that said N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide was not active in the brain (google book search actually) but worked as a preservative for anandamide as the amidohydralase enzyme that hydrolyzes anandamide to ethanolamine is busy hydrolysing the N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide which prolongs anandamide uptake. When looking for the paper I stumbled across this, where the exact same enzyme like most enzymes (example PAL or Tyrase) can actually preform the reverse reaction in suitable conditions  [synthase];
 
Partial Purification and Characterization of the Porcine Brain Enzyme Hydrolyzing and Synthesizing Anandamide
THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Natsuo Ueda, Yuko Kurahashi, Shozo Yamamoto‡, and Takashi Tokunaga
Vol. 270, No. 40, Issue of October 6, pp. 23823–23827, 1995

Abstract; Anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide) is known as an endogenous agonist for cannabinoid receptors. An amidohydrolase, which hydrolyzed anandamide, was solubilized from the microsomal fraction of porcine brain with 1% Triton X-100. The enzyme was partially purified by Phenyl-5PW hydrophobic chromatography to a specific activity of approximately 0.37 mmol/min/mg of protein at 37 °C. As assayed with 14C-labeled substrates, the apparent Km value for anandamide was 60mM, and anandamide was more active than ethanolamides of linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids. Ceramidase and protease activities were not detected in our enzyme preparation. The purified enzyme also synthesized anandamide from free arachidonic acid in the presence of a high concentration of ethanolamine with a specific activity of about 0.16 mmol/min/mg of protein at 37 °C. On the basis of cochromatographies, pH dependence, heat inactivation, and effects of inhibitors such as arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, it was suggested that the anandamide amidohydrolase and synthase activities were attributable to a single enzyme protein.

http://www.jbc.org/content/270/40/23823.full.pdf+html

Previously, N-acylethanolamine amidohydrolase activity was found in various mammalian tissues (22), and the enzyme of rat liver membrane was solubilized with sodium taurodeoxycholate (21). In these works, however, the enzyme was not purified, and its reactivity with anandamide was not described. Our purified anandamide amidohydrolase catalyzed the reverse reaction and produced anandamide from arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. The synthase was also reactive with other fatty acids (palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid) at similar reaction rates (Fig. 5B). It was reported that arachidonic acid was a better substrate for the rabbit brain anandamide synthase than palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, but the reactivity was assayed at a low substrate concentration (5 mM) below Km and was not compared in terms of Vmax (14). Another report showed that with bovine hippocampal P2 membrane arachidonic acid was more active than palmitic acid at 30 mM-1 mM (13). It is unknown at the present time whether or not the discrepancy of substrate specificity between these results and our finding was attributable to different animal species or different assay conditions.

22= Schmid, H.H.O., Schmid, P.C. and Natarajan, V. N-Acylated glycerophospholipids and their derivatives. Prog. Lipid Res., 29, 1-43 (1990).

Although not conclusive, my comments where not unfounded. As you can see that synthase enzyme is not only able to form anadamide but also other suitably substituted N-acylethanolamines that will bind to cannabinoid receptors the cannabinoid produced would be determined by which fatty acid the enzyme was closest too! This may not be in a massive proportion and you may well have to take a lethal dose of N-acylethanolamine before the effects of the above where actually felt, but I thought it was worth bringing up.
« Last Edit: April 17, 2010, 12:34:18 AM by Naf1 »

Enkidu

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #18 on: April 17, 2010, 12:58:45 AM »
^ yes but at the concentrations that your building blocks exist in the brain, that won't happen. My biochemistry is weak, but I'm pretty sure that it won't work, unless the n-acetylethanol is a substrate for one of the enzymes that synthesize endocannabinoids. Then you've got to figure out it's bioavailability. DO check out that paper I uploaded, which shows the varied biosynthetic routes which produce anandamide. Perhaps with some luck, you can find a prodrug that is a substrate for one of those enzymes.

As for other possible dangers of inhibiting MAGL and FAAH on a regular basis, think about the dangers of the full agonists like the members of the JWH series. There are several case reports that I have read which states that ceasing administration precipitates severe withdrawl symptoms. Additionally, routine administration of full CB1 agonists produces marked cognitive and learning defects. The endogenous ligands are, by default, full agonists, no?

blackr

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Re: Anandamide and Analogs
« Reply #19 on: April 23, 2010, 01:50:33 AM »
Crossposting again, is everyone here a member over at BL? Is it worth it to keep crossposting over here?

"The PNAS paper posted above basically explains they found that dual inhibition of FAAH/MAGL produced cannabimimetic effects due to increased levels of anandamide and 2-AG.

Earlier in this thread synapse said he had had heard of a bioassay of Methanandamide which resulted in some cannabimimetic effects but effects reached a ceiling and the substance was not worthwhile. Methanandamide is interesting; it is not hydrolyzed by FAAH effectively (if at all, not sure).

Has anyone come across a 2-AG analog that can get around MAGL like Methanandamide can get around FAAH? If so, I bet a combination of Methanandamide and the 2-AG analog resistant to MAGL would produce THC-like effects that were observed in the PNAS paper.

By the way, no one has replied to my question about the PNAS paper. Page 2 of the pdf states:

"Finally, JZL195 also inhibited rat and human FAAH and MAGL enzymes with IC50 values in the range of 10 –100 nM based on competitive ABPP assays"

Does this imply that they bioassayed the material or did they simply use a cloned human FAAH for the assay?"