MDMA / MDA

• Comprehensive Safrole FAQ
• Safrole from Plants
• Safrole - Synthesis & Reactions (Beilstein Crossfire search)
• Distillation of Safrole
• Determination of Essential Oil Safrole Content
• Safrole Isomerization (Review)
• Notes on the synthesis of Chloro/Bromo/Iodosafrole
• Phenyl-2-halopropanes (Beilstein Crossfire search)
• Alkyl halides to carbonyls using 2-Nitropropane (for example bromosafrole to MDP2P)
• Alkyl halides to carbonyls using NaIO₄/DMF
• Notes on the Delepine reaction
• MDMA via direct aminomercuration of safrole
• Propenylbenzenes from propiophenones
• Aryl ketones (Propiophenones) to Aryl alkenes (Propenylbenzenes)
• The Complete Book Of Ecstacy
• Manufacture of MDA Analogs by Dal Cason (Really comprehensive)
• The Characterization of some MDA Analogs
• Safrole purification with Mercury(II)acetate
• MDA from MDP2Pol; the Mitsunobu reaction
• Purification of MDP2P with Sodium Bisulfite
• Purification of MDP2P via its NaI complex
• Complete MDMA Synthesis by Bright Star
• Complete MDMA Synthesis by Dr Drool
• MDA from Bromosafrole using PTC and an azide
• MDMA via Tosyl Chloride Intermediate?
• Photoamination - One step from isosafrole to MDMA
• Pseudonitrosite FAQ
• MDP2P by 2-Nitropropene Alkylation of 1,3-Benzodioxole
• Impurities in Commercially Available MDP2P
• A Study of the Precursors, Intermediates and Reaction Byproducts in the Synthesis of MDMA
• Impurities in illicit drug preparations: MDA & MDMA
• Shulgin: The Background and Chemistry of MDMA

Epoxide related

• Peracid (Performic/Peracetic) oxidation of isosafrole to MDP2P (Review)
• Oxidation of propenylbenzenes to P2P's using Peracetic Acid
• Meinwald Rearrangement of Propenylbenzene Epoxides to Phenyl-2-Propanones
• Electrolytic oxidation of safrole to MDP2P
• Procedure for the oxidation of isosafrole to MDP2P using Oxone
• Epoxidation of propenylbenzenes using dimethyldioxirane or oxone
• MDP2P from (iso)safrole via epoxide intermediate
• Epoxidation of Safrole, using H2O2 and a peroxotungstate catalyst
• Epoxidation using a Manganese Catalyst
• MDP2P from isosafrole via the dibromide, bromohydrin and epoxide
• Isomerisation of Epoxides to Carbonyl Compounds by Iodides in DMSO
• Electrochemical Rearrangement of Isosafrole Epoxide to MDP2P
• Photochemical Conversion of Halohydrins to Ketones
• Epoxidation of Olefins without Metal Catalysts
• Oxidation of Alkenes to Diols with KMnO₄/PTC
• Oxidation of Alkenes to Diols with Iodine and KIO₃
• Synthesis of N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS) and using it to prepare iodohydrin acetates from alkenes
• Preparation of Safrole Epoxide

Piperonal/Catechol/Eugenol related

• Piperonal from Pepper
• Piperonal from isosafrole
• Alkenes to Aldehydes with KMnO₄
• Isosafrole from piperonal
• Novel synthesis of Piperonal
• MDMA precursors from Eugenol
• Demethylation (Vanillin/Eugenol) and Methylenation (Piperonal/Safrole)
• A Re-examination of the Methylenation Reaction
• Synthesis of 4-allylcatechol (3,4-dihydroxyallylbenzene)
• Synthesis of 4-allylcatechol (Mechanism of Claisen Rearrangement in Catechols)
• Synthesis of Safrole from catechol
• Synthesis of Safrole and o-Safrole
• MDP2P from piperonal via 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl-2-nitropropene
• Large-scale MDA from piperonal
• Preparation of MDP-2-nitropropene from piperonal with MeOH/NaOH
• Electrooxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal
• Electrochemical Oxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal and Isosafrole Glycol
• Isomerization of Eugenol to Isoeugenol - Kinetic Studies

Reductive amination

• Reductive amination of MDP2P with NaBH₄
• MDA by reductive amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride
• Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P using nitromethane as methylamine source [Pictures]
• Preparation of Aluminum Amalgam
• Osmium's variation of the Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P
• MDP2P/Methylamine reductive amination Osmium/BrightStar Style
• Impurities detected in MDMA made by Al/Hg Reductive Amination
• Catalytic hydrogenation of MDP2P/Methylamine to MDMA
• Reductive amination with NaBH4 and titanium(IV)isopropoxide
• Reductive amination with NaBH4, titanium(IV)isopropoxide and methanolic methylamine
• Reductive Amination of Ketones to Primary Amines using NH₄Cl/NaBH₄
• Reduction of Oximes and Phenylacetonitriles with ZrCl₄/NaBH₄
• MDA from MDP2P via the oxime, reduced by sodium metal
• MDA by Al/Hg reduction of MDP2P oxime in acidic EtOH
• MDMA and MDA via the Leuckart reaction
• MDE synthesis via reductive amination with nitroethane
• MDE synthesis via reductive amination with ethylamine
• Sodium Dithionite for the Reduction of Imines and Cleavage of Oximes
• Electrochemical Reductive Amination Method
• Electrochemical Reductive Amination of P2P's over a Mercury Cathode
• Reductive Amination with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride
• Reductive amination using metallic magnesium
• Reductive amination of ketones using Pd/C and formic acid
• Synthesis of Secondary Amines - A Review
• Aqueous NaBH4 Reductive Amination of Phenylacetones
• Hydrogenation of imines (DejaVu Format)
• Reductive Amination Using Potassium Formate and Palladium Acetate
• Reductive Amination using Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER)
• Methylation of Amines with NaBH₄ and ZnCl₂ in DCM

Wacker Oxidation Methods

• Benzoquinone/DMF Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• Benzoquinone/Methanol Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Methyl Man)
• Improvements to the Benzoquinone Wacker
• DMF/O₂ Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• KRV/SRV Methanol/O₂ Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• Discussions about the Alkyl Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Improvement)
• Regioselectivity in the Wacker oxidation of Propenylbenzenes
• Cyclodextrin - Palladium Chloride as a Ketone-selective Wacker Oxidation System

(Meth)amphetamines

• Crystal Creations (Archived Website Snapshot)
• Worlock's Meth Synthesis Page (Archived Website Snapshot)
• Resolution of Racemic Amphetamines into d- and l-Amphetamines
• Methamphetamine and P2P from phenylacetaldehyde
• Notes on the synthesis of chloroephedrine and reduction to methamphetamine
• Chloroephedrine Reduction to Methamphetamine
• Synthesis of phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
• CTH reduction of Phenyl-2-Nitropropene to Amphetamine
• Uncle Fester's Electroreduction of (pseudo)Ephedrine
• Phosphoramidomercuration of allylbenzene to give amphetamine
• Synthesis of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
• Amphetamine by electroreduction of phenyl-2-nitropropene
• Methamphetamine by reductive amination of P2P using Sodium metal
• A review of amphetamine and methamphetamine reduction methods
• The Clandestine Drug Laboratory Situation in the United States 1978-81
• Reductive amination overview with references
• Reductive alkylation overview with references
• Methamphetamine from P2P with NaBH₄
• Al/Hg reductive amination under pressure
• Large scale meth production via catalytic hydrogenation
• Preparation of amphetamine phosphate (electrolytic reduction of phenylnitropropene)
• One Pot Amphetamine synth from BzCN, MeI and NaBH₄
• Amphetamine from P2NP using Urushibara Nickel (NiCl₂/Al)
• Meth from Benzylmagnesium chloride alkylation of acetaldehyde methylimine
• Methamphetamine from Phenyl-2-Propanone
• Methamphetamines from Amphetamines
• Synthesis of Allylbenzene from Cinnamaldehyde
• Synthesis of Benzyl Chloride
• Synthesis of Benzyl Cyanide
• Synthesis of Phenylacetic acid
• Allylbenzene - PhMgBr/CuI/Allylbromide
• PTC Willgerodt synthesis of Phenylacetic acids from Acetophenones
• Synthesis of Phenyl-2-nitropropene
• Comprehensive Leuckart Reaction Overview from Organic Reactions
• Synthesis of Allylbenzene and Phenyl-2-bromopropane
• Direct Amination of Phenylpropenes to Amphetamines (German PDF)
• Preparation of Amphetamines from Phenylpropanolamines
• Optically pure Amphetamines by the way of alpha-Methylhydrocinnamic Acid
• Amphetamine Synthesis via an Acetoacetate Intermediate
• Reduction of benzylic alcohols to hydrocarbons with iodotrimethylsilane
• Dehydration of Phenyl-1-propanol to Propenylbenzene
• Synthesis of (S)-(+)-Amphetamine from (1S,2S)-2-Amino-1-Phenyl-1,3-Propanediol
• Amphetamine by Al/Hg reductive amination of P2P
• Efficient Isomerization of Allylbenzene with NaOH/PTC
• Synthesis of Deuterio-l-Amphetamine d₁ Sulfate
• Synthesis of Several Deuterio Analogs of Amphetamine
• Synthesis of Deuterated Methamphetamine, DOB, PCP and Methaqualone
• Methamphetamine via Reductive Amination/Hydrogenolysis of P2P with N-Benzylmethylamine
• Stereoselective Methamphetamine Synthesis via Chiral Auxillaries

Birch reduction

• The Complete Birch by Mr Clean
• Birch reduction of pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine
• The Birch Reaction: Methamphetamine from (pseudo)ephedrine
• Chem Guy's notes on Birch-like reductions
• Birch Reduction kinetics
• Anhydrous ammonia additivies inhibiting Birch reductions
• Patent for Birch reduction inhibiting ammonia additives
• How to reclaim Lithium metal from Lithium batteries (with pictures)

P2P related

• Phenyl-2-Propanone (P2P) Syntheses - a Review
• Synthesis of Phenyl-2-Propanone via Phenyl-2-Propanol
• Phenyl-2-Propanone from Allylbenzene via P2Pol
• Phenyl-2-Propanol from Styrene Oxide
• Synthesis of P2P from 3-phenyl-1-chloropropane
• The Nef Reaction - Phenyl-2-nitropropane to P2P
• Improved H₂O₂/K₂CO₃ Nef Reaction
• Oxone Promoted Nef Reaction
• High-yielding Dual-Phase Nef Reaction
• Synthesis of p-Methoxy-P2P
• P2P from propenylbenzenes
• Azlactone Route to Phenyl-2-Propanones from Benzaldehydes
• Tin(II)Chloride reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
• CdCl₂-Mg-H₂O reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
• Raney Ni-Na₂PO₂ reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
• Strecker degradation of α-Methyl-Phenylalanine to P2P
• P2P by Hydroboration-Oxidation of Phenylpropyne
• Phenylacetones from O-Methyl Bromoacetone Oxime
• Phenylacetone by Wacker Oxidation of Propenylbenzene
• Differentiation of P2P Synthesized from Phenylacetic Acid with Acetic Anhydride vs. Lead(II)Acetate
• P2P trough Meerwein Arylation of Aniline
• Reaction of Aryllithiums with Epichlorohydrin
• Electroreductive Acylation of Benzyl Chloride to P2P
• Electroreductive Arylation of Chloroacetone to P2P
• P2P from n-Propylbenzene using the Étard Reaction
• Improved Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from N,N-Dimethylamides and Grignard Reagents

Ephedrine related

• Ephedrine: Synthesis, extraction and esterification
• Synthesis and resolution of racemic Ephedrine
• Enantioselective Synthesis of (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine
• Racemization of Optically Active Ephedrines
• Comprehensive reference work on the extraction and synthesis of (pseudo)ephedrine
• Comparison of the Properties of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine
• Ephedrine and its Salts - Isolation and Properties
• Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine and (Pseudo)Ephedrine
• Synthesis of Optically Pure (S,S)-Norpseudoephedrine
• [Patent] Synthesis of Ephedrine
• Synthesis of the Norephedrine Precursor (1R*,2S*)-1-Phenyl-2-nitropropanol
• Catalytic reduction of Ephedrine overview with references
• Ephedra (Ma Huang) as a source of (pseudo)ephedrine
• Chapter 5: Supercritical extraction of Pseudoephedrine from pills
• Biotransformations for Ephedrine Production
• l-Phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) from Benzaldehyde
• Phenylpropanolamine by reductive amination of L-PAC, made by fermentation of Benzaldehyde
• Debunking the Myth of Ephedrine/Methamphetamine in Chicken Feed
• dl-Ephedrine by reductive amination of 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione
• Ephedrine-type Alkaloid content of commercial Ephedra/Ma Huang preparations
• Separation of methamphetamine from ephedrine through steam distillation
• Comprehensive article on (pseudo)ephedrine acetyl ester and amide
• Pseudoephedrine pill denaturant patents US6359011 US6136864
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Waterless A/B
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Full Turps Cure
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: E-Gull & IDEA Method
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to Bee
• Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to E
• Extraction of OTC Medications: A Preliminary Study Report by G.N. Gietzen

HI/P reduction of ephedrine

• Methamphetamine Synthesis Via HI/Red Phosphorous Reduction of Ephedrine
• Meth via HI/P by Wizard X
• Hypophosphorous Acid synthesis and reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine
• Hypophosphorous Acid reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine (with pictures)
• Curbshots nano scale methamphetamine synth
• Placebo's meth synthesis
• Workup of the RP/HI Methamphetamine Synthesis
• The Mechanism of HI generation from RedP/I₂

Phenylalanine Related

• Reduction of D-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine
• Reduction of D-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine and d-Methamphetamine
• Phenylalanine to Amphetamine-d₃
• Possible electrochemical conversion of L-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine
• Reduction of Tyrosine to Optically Active para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA)

Methamphetamine Impurities

• Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P
• Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized via Chloroephedrine
• Impurities in illicit drug preparations: Amphetamine & Methamphetamine
• References regarding impurities from the synthesis of methamphetamine
• Impurities in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P
• Impurities in methamphetamine tablets found in Thailand
• Reidentification of a Major Impurity in Illicit Amphetamine
• Weakly Basic Impurities in Illicit Amphetamine
• By-Product Contamination of Clandestinely Prepared Amphetamines and Cocaine
• The Origin of Alkenes in Illicit Amphetamine: Examination of the Illicit Synthesis of P2P
• [Bull. Narc.] Impurities in clandestinely produced amphetamine; A review
• [Bull. Narc.] Leuckart-specific impurities in amphetamine and methamphetamine
• [Bull. Narc.] Methamphetamine Impurity Profiling

(Meth)cathinone

• Methcathinone FAQ 2.2
• Criticism on the Cat FAQ
• Notes on the Synthesis of Methcathinone
• The Hyperreal Methcathinone document
• Methcatinone via Jones Reagent Oxidation
• Synthesis and resolution of Cathinone from Phenylpropanolamine
• Comprehensive Methcatinone FAQ (In German)
• Synthesis of Dimethylcathinone
• Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
• Stereospecific synthesis, and optical resolution of Norpseudoephedrine
• Potentially Psychedelic Cathinone Analogs
• (Methylenedioxy)Cathinone Characterization
• Methcathinone Radiolabeling
• Ephedrone: 2-Methylamino-1-Phenylpropan-1-One (Jeff)
• The Identification of Cathinone in Khat (Catha edulis)
• TLC Identification Test for Khat (Catha edulis)
• Synthesis of Ephedrine & Methcathinone from Propionic Acid

Misc. Phenethylamines

• E-Book: PiHKAL - The Phenethylamine Synthesis Reference [by Alexander Shulgin]
• A structural tour of Pihkal
• A comprehensive review of Pihkal, by Tyrone Slothrop
• E-Book: Psychedelic Chemistry by M. V. Smith
• Novel Fluoro and Nitro analogs of TMA-2 and MMDA-2
• Shulgin: Monomethylthio Analogues of TMA-2
• A new route to 2,4,6-DOM and related compounds
• A new route to 3,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted-phenethylamines
• Ethylenediammonium diacetate - a novel nitrostyrene synthesis catalyst
• Decarboxylation of phenylalanines to phenethylamines
• Synthesis of 2C-D
• Synthesis of STP (DOM)
• 2,5-Dihydroxyalkylbenzenes from Benzoquinone
• Synthesis of DOC
• DOB Syntheses Without LAH
• Phenyl-2-nitropropenes from Propenylbenzenes
• Nitroalkenes from Alkenes using NaNO₂/I₂/Ethylene Glycol
• Nitroalkenes from Alkenes using KNO₂/I₂/THF/PTC
• Electrochemical transformation of alkenes to nitroalkenes
• Rhodanine route from benzaldehydes to phenylacetonitriles
• Synthesis of Indanylamphetamine (IAP)
• Formylation of Indane
• Synthesis of 5-Methyl-MDA
• Synthesis of 3-Methoxy-4-Methyl-Amphetamine (MMA)
• Synthesis of 4-Fluoroamphetamine
• [OrgSyn] Phenylnitropropenes and phenylacetones from benzaldehydes
• Benzaldehydes from propenylbenzenes or cinnamic acids using KMnO4/alumina
• Synthesis of 2,5-dimethoxyallylbenzene
• Preparation of unsymmetrical 2,5-dialkoxybenzaldehydes
• Preparation of Phenethylamines from Benzyl Alcohols
• Preparation of Anethole and Asarone epoxide with H₂O₂/MeCN
• Synthesis of 4-Alkylthio-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehydes
• Alkylthio-benzaldehydes from Bromo-Benzaldehydes
• Synthesis of Phenethylamines from Phenylacetic Acids
• Synthesis of 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamines
• Ultrasound Promoted Nitrostyrene Synthesis
• 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone via Darzen Condensation
• 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone
• Synthesis of 2C-CN
• Synthesis of 3-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Synthesis of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-methoxybromobenzene
• Synthesis of Fenfluramine, with an immense amount of novel amphetamine synthesis reactions
• Sodium Percarbonate Dakin Reaction: Benzaldehydes and acetophenones to phenols
• Benzaldehydes to phenols using H₂O₂
• Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2,6-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Oxidation of benzylalcohols to benzaldehydes with acidic DMSO
• Benzaldehydes by reductive oxidation of benzoic acids
• 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Hydroxypropenylbenzene
• Synthesis of all the Trimethoxyphenylpropenes
• Synthesis of Croweacin and some of its derivatives
• KG-60-NEt₂ as Henry reaction catalyst
• Synthesis of 3-Methyl- and 4-Methyl-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenol
• Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 2,5-Dimethoxyacetophenone from Hydroquinone
• Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Fluoroethylamphetamine (DOEF)
• The Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by the Henry Reaction
• Synthesis of 4-Fluoro-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOF)
• High-yielding synthesis of Amphetamines using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Olefination
• Alkyl Bromides to Secondary Amines using an aza-Wittig Reaction
• Oxidation of Allylbenzenes to Phenylacetaldehydes and Phenylacetaldoximes
• Synthesis of 2C-T-X Nitrostyrenes
• 2-Methoxy-3,4-Methylenedioxybenzaldehyde (Croweacinaldehyde) from Pyrogallol
• Synthesis of Croweacinaldehyde by Vilsmeyer Formylation
• Shulgin's first report on TMA
• First Synthesis of DOB
• Synthesis of 4-Methyl-3-Methoxy-Amphetamine (MMA)
• Alkylation of phenolic aldehydes with trimethyl phosphate
• Thiolation of 4-Methoxyphenol to 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxythiophenol
• Shulgin & Nichols: First report on Aleph and 2C-T
• First Reported Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA)
• ortho-Hydroxybenzaldehydes from 1-Phenyl-2-Nitropropenes
• 1-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-methylaminobutane (MBDB/Methyl-J)
• Shulgin & Nichols: Three New Psychotomimetics: para-DOT - MDMA - α,O-DMS
• 3,4-Methylenedioxy-1-Alkylbenzene synthesis by Clemmensen reduction of Piperonal or Acetopiperone

MMDA related

• Shulgin's first report on MMDA
• Shulgin: MMDA Psychopharmacology
• Conversion of Eugenol to Myristicin and Elimicin
• Composition of the Myristicin Fraction from Oil of Nutmeg
• Synthesis of Myristicin
• Myristicinaldehyde (3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Methoxybenzadehyde)
• Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and Apiolealdehyde
• Homomyristicinic Acid, Myristicinaldehyde etc. from Myristicin
• Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and 5-Hydroxypiperonal
• 5-Hydroxyvanillin and 5-Hydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin

DMMDA-2 related

• Synthesis of DMMDA-2, 6-Br-DMMDA-2 and DMMDMA-2
• DMMDA-2 from dillapiole via the Delepine reaction
• Isodillapiole Pseudonitrosite and Nitropropene
• 2,3-Dimethoxy-4,5-Methylenedioxy-Phenylacetone from Isodillapiole
• 4,5-Dimethoxy-2,3-Methylenedioxyallylbenzene (pseudo-Dillapiole)
• Syntheses of Dillapiole and its 4-Methylthio analog
• Synthesis of Dillapiole and 1,2,3,4-Tetramethoxyallylbenzene
• Shulgin's first report on DMMDA and DMMDA-2

TMA-2 related

• 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene from asarone via the benzaldehyde
• TMA-2 from Calamus oil, using Wacker Oxidation and Leuckart amination
• TMA-2 from Calamus root bark - by Randolph Carter
• Reduction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene to TMA-2
• Synthesis of 2-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, a TMA-2 precursor
• CTH Reduction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene to the ketoxime
• Reactions of Asarone
• GC Behavior of Asarone, Isosafrole, Isoeugenol and Methyl Isoeugenol cis/trans isomers
• Asarone Epoxidation Using Sodium Hypochlorite
• Why Asarone Cannot be Used in the Performic Oxidation
• New synthetic route for analogs of alpha-asarone
• Conversion of beta-Asarone into 2,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamaldehyde and gamma-Asarone

Mescaline related

• Mescaline from 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde via the Phenylacetonitrile
• Mescaline Chemistry Monograph [from The Alkaloids, Vol. III]
• Synthesis of Mescaline from eucalyptus sawdust
• Synthesis and Pharmacology of 2,6-Dichloromescaline
• MMDA & Mescaline synthesis from vanillin
• Electrosynthesis of mescaline
• Mescaline through catalytic hydrogenation
• Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin
• 5-Iodovanillin and 5-hydroxyvanillin from Vanillin
• [OrgSyn] Synthesis of Syringaldehyde
• Syringaldehyde from Spruce and Maple Woods
• Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane
• 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from p-Cresol
• Extraction of Mescaline from Cacti
• 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde or p-Cresol
• 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Gallic Acid (3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic Acid)
• An Improved Synthesis of Mescaline from Gallic Acid
• Syringaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin by Ester-catalyzed Methanolysis
• 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde & Syringaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin
• Synthesis of Mescaline from 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol using the Mannich Reaction
• Syntheses of Mescaline from Gallic acid
• Shulgin: Mescaline - The Chemistry and Pharmacology of its Analogs
• Illustrated Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethene and -nitroethane
• Shulgin: Mescaline Analogs - Substitutions at the 4-Position [NiDA #22]

2C-B related

• 2C-B Synthesis from 2,5-DMB
• Shulgin: Early article describing the human psychopharmacology of 2C-B and 2C-D
• Beaker's 2C-B synthesis using borohydride/CTH
• Improved NaBH4 reduction of nitrostyrenes to phenylnitroalkanes
• High-yield synthesis of 2C-H using LAH
• 2C-B Synthesis via Mannich reaction
• 2C-H via Darzen condensation
• Discussions of possible new 2C-B syntheses
• Reports on different successful 2C-B syntheses
• Synthesis of 2C-H via a mandelonitrile intermediate
• A novel route to 2C-B (and 2C-D/2C-E)
• Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to give 2C-H
• Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to 2C-H
• Improved bromination of 2C-H to 2C-B
• Bromination of 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Selective Bromination and Iodination of 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Large-scale 2C-H bromination with pictures
• Synthesis of 2C-B from Anise Oil
• Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetic Acid, the corresponding aldehyde, alcohol and ethyl ester

Aromatic Iodination/Chlorination

• Iodination of methoxybenzenes with I₂/NaNO₃
• Iodination of substituted benzenes with N-iodosuccinimide/TFA
• Iodination of Methoxyamphetamines (I₂/AgSO₄)
• Aromatic Iodination with Iodine and Silver Sulfate
• Iodination of Methoxybenzenes with NIS
• Halogenation of methoxybenzenes with N-halosuccinimides
• Iodination of Methoxybenzenes with Iodine & Tetrabutylammonium Peroxydisulfate
• Aromatic Iodination
• 2C-C and DOC with N-chlorosuccinimide and perchloric acid
• Synthesis of 4-Chloro-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-C)
• Regioselective Halogenation of Aromatics Using Potassium Halides and Oxone
• Regioselective Chlorination of Aromatics Using KCl/Oxone
• Regioselective Bromination of Aromatics Using KBr/Oxone
• Regioselective Oxyiodination of Aromatics Using KI/Oxone
• Aromatic Iodination with Lead Tetraacetate as the Oxidant
• Aromatic Chlorination with Sodium Hypochlorite
• Synthesis of 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Iodination of Methoxybenzenes using Alkali Iodides and H₂SO₄
• Iodination of Methoxybenzenes using a Mixture of Potassium Iodide and Iodate
• Shulgin: Synthesis of Radio-Iodinated N,N-Dimethyl-meta-Dimethoxyamphetamines
• Shulgin: Synthesis of ¹²¹I and ¹²⁵I Radioiodinated 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI)
• Shulgin: Synthesis of ¹²³I Radioiodinated 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI)
• Synthesis of ⁷⁷Br Radiobrominated 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (DOB)

Reductions

• Reduction of Nitroalkenes with Zinc and Aluminum Amalgams
• 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Alkoxy-Phenethylamines by Zn/HCl Reduction of Nitrostyrenes
• Phenethylamines fron nitrostyrenes via 1 atm catalytic hydrogenation
• Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles and Nitrostyrenes to PEA's with LiBH₄/ NaBH₄and TMSCl
• Notes on the LAH reduction of nitrostyrenes
• Reduction of Nitrostyrenes with Red-Al (Vitride)
• Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines using Red-Al
• Miscellaneous reductions of oximes to amines
• High-Yield Oxime Preparation using CaO/Hydroxylamine·HCl
• Nitrostyrene reduction using diisobutylaluminium hydride
• Zinc Borohydride Reducing Agent
• Sodium Cyanoborohydride - Synthesis, Purification and Use
• Sodium Cyanoborohydride Reduction - Review (DjVu)
• Borch Reduction - Cyanotrihydridoborate as a selective reducing agent
• Sodium Borohydride/Carboxylic Acids - Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride
• Sodium Borohydride in Carboxylic Acid Media - Review (DjVu)
• Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrostyrenes at 1 atm H₂
• Aqueous CTH with PdCl₂/HCOOH/NaOH of cinnamic acids to hydrocinnamates
• Synthesis and Reduction of Azides
• Reductive Acetylation: Azides to N-acetylamines with AlI₃/Ac₂O
• Reduction of Azides to Amines with Zinc/NH₄Cl
• Reduction of Nitriles to Primary Amines with Nickel Boride
• Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes
• Oximes from Conjugated Nitroalkenes using Pd/C-Ammonium Formate CTH
• Oximes from Conjugated Nitroalkenes using Lead Powder
• Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Ammonium Formate
• Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Hydrazinium Formate
• Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Magnesium/Hydrazinium Formate
• Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with 2-phenylbenzimidazoline
• Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with Triethylamine-Formic Acid
• Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with Sodium or Potassium Borohydride
• Easy borohydride and CTH reduction of nitrostyrenes
• Poisoning and Deactivation of Palladium Catalysts
• Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Methanolic Sodium Borohydride
• Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER)
• Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles to Phenethylamines
• Electroreduction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (DejaVu Format)
• Reduction of Phenolic Nitrostyrenes with LAH
• Electroreduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes and Amines
• Reductions with Sodium Borohydride/Sulfur - NaBH₂S₃
• Reductions with Alkyloxyaluminohydrides, Red-Al etc.
• Selective Reduction of Aldehydes with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride
• CTH Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes using Pd/C-Decaborane
• Ultrasound-Promoted Aluminum Amalgam reduction of Nitroalcohols to Aminoalcohols
• Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Hydroxylamines using Boranes
• One-Pot Preparation of N-Substituted Hydroxylamines from Nitroalkenes using Boranes
• Reduction of Nitroalkanes to Amines or Hydroxylamines using SmI₂
• Reduction of Oximes to Amines with a Zn-Cu Couple
• Selective Reduction of Nitro Compounds Using Formic Acid and Raney Nickel
• High-yielding reduction of nitrostyrenes to amines using Al/Hg
• Reduction of oximes to amines using Magnesium/Ammonium Formate
• Catalytic Reduction of Nitriles and Oximes
• Reduction of Amides and nitriles to amines using Tetrabutylammonium Borohydride
• CTH reduction of aldehydes and ketones to carbonyl compounds
• Pd/C- Hypophosphite CTH Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes
• Varma & Kabalka: Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes with Boron Reagents (Review)
• Varma & Kabalka: Synthesis and Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes (Review)
• Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Amines with Titanium(II) Reagents
• Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Amines with in situ prepared BH₃·THF
• Reduction of Nitroalkenes and Nitroalkanes to Amines Using NaBH₄/NiCl₂ and Ultrasound
• Zinc/Ammonium Formate: Reduction of Oximes to Amines
• Benzyl Group Hydrogenolysis Using Zinc and Ammonium Formate
• Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes using Chromium(II)Chloride
• Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Ketones using Chromium(II)Chloride
• Review: Catalytic Hydrogen Transfer Reductions Using Ammonium Formate
• CTH Reduction of Nitroalkanes to Amines
• Zinc Borohydride: Reduction of Amides to Amines
• Sodium Acyloxyborohydride: Reduction of Amides to Amines
• NaBH₄/I₂ - Reduction of Amides, Nitriles, Carboxylic Esters and Acids

Tryptamines

• E-Book: TiHKAL - The Tryptamine Synthesis Reference [by Alexander Shulgin]
• Tryptamine Synthesis from Tryptophan
• Synthesis of Tryptamine and 5-MeO-Tryptamine
• Synthesis of 5-Methoxytryptamine (Mexamine)
• alpha-Methyltryptamine (IT-290, AMT) Synthesis
• Indole-3-acetaldehyde from Tryptophan
• Synthesis of 5-Bromo-Indole
• Synthesis of Indoleacetic acid
• Synthesis of 5-Cyano-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-CN-DMT)
• Synthesis of 7-bromotryptamine HCl
• Indole-3-acetonitrile by Cyanomethylation of Indole
• Preparation of alpha-Substituted Tryptamines from Isatins
• The Speeter-Anthony Tryptamine Synthesis

Psilocybin related

• Extraction, TLC Analysis and Purification of Psilocybian Alkaloids
• Synthesis of Psilocin
• Synthesis of Psilocybin and 4-Acetoxy-DMT (O-Acetyl-psilocin)
• Psilocin Analogs, bromine or formyl substituted at either the 5- or 7-position
• Psilocin synthesis through Pd-catalyzed alkyne cyclization
• Large-scale synthesis of Psilocin and Psilocybin
• Extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass
• Psilocin Extraction from Psilocybe Mushrooms

DMT

• DMT and DET synthesis
• Synthesis of DMT (and analogs) from Tryptamine
• Synthesis of DMT from Indoleacetic acid
• Synthesis of DMT via Tryptophol
• DMT synthesis via direct Fischer Indole Synthesis
• DMT from 2-nitrostyrenes
• DMT and 5-MeO-DMT from Me₂NH/Cl-CH₂CHO/Indole
• DMT tartrate prep, starting from Acacia maidenii bark
• 5-Methoxy-N-Methyltryptamine (O,N-Dimethylserotonin), synthesis, isolation and analysis
• 5-MeO-DMT Analysis: Quantitative & Qualitative TLC
• Synthesis of DMT by Alkylating Indole Grignard Reagents
• Synthesis of Deuterated DMT and 5-MeO-DMT

LSD

• LSD from Ergotamine Tartrate
• Novel synthetic route to LSD from elymoclavine
• LSD Synthesis: Discussion & References
• LSD Material Safety Data Sheet
• How to field test blotters for presence of LSD
• Possible two-step synth of LSD from LSA and iso-LSA
• LSD Syntheses from 'Recreational Drugs' by Prof. Buzz
• LSD Synthesis Patent
• LSD Synthesis using Peptide Coupling Reagents
• Field Identification Manual for Claviceps Ergot Fungus
• Synthesis of Lysergic Acid from Paspalic Acid
• Ergot Alkaloid article by Arthur Stoll
• LSD Total Synthesis by Cobalt-catalyzed cyclization of 4-Ethynyl-Indole-3-Acetonitrile
• Synthetic Studies on (+)-Lysergic Acid
• Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis, Tet. Rep. #14
• Fermentation Experiments with Claviceps Paspali
• Lysergic acid from ergocristine
• Hydrolysis of Ergotinine to Lysergic Acid
• R. B. Woodward's Total Synthesis of Lysergic Acid
• Novel Total Synthesis of Lysergic Acid
• Synthesis of ¹⁴C-Diethylamine and ¹⁴C-LSD
• Novel Condensation of d-LA into d-LSD via PyPOB
• Synthesis of ³H-LSD from BOL-148 using NaB³H₄ and Pd(PPh₃)₄

Opiates and Opioids

• Codeine to Morphine Conversion Review
• "Homebake" Labs: Codeine to Morphine and Heroin
• Extraction and purification of morphine from opium
• New patent on the extraction and purification of morphine from opium
• Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture
• Morphine and Opium Alkaloids
• Identification tests of morphine
• Synthesis of Dimenoxadol
• Total synthesis of (-)-Morphine
• Total synthesis of (+)-Morphine
• Synthesis of Levorphanol (levo-Dromoran)
• Synthesis of Pethidine (Demerol, Meperidine)
• One-step synthesis of Prodine
• Morphine and structurally related analgesics
• Pethidine-type Analgesics Overview
• The Stereochemistry of Morphine
• Total Synthesis of Morphine
• Codeine FAQ
• Chromic's Coldwater Codeine Extraction
• Synthesis of a Clonitazene/Etonitazene Analog
• Conversion of Thebaine to Codeine
• Anileridine Synthesis and Pharmacology

Hydrocodone/Hydromorphone

• Codeinone from Thebaine
• Catalytic rearrangement of Morphine/Codeine to Hydromorphone/Hydrocodone
• Quantitative Conversion of Codeine to Hydrocodone
• 14-Hydroxycodeinone from Codeine
• 14-Hydroxycodeinone from Thebaine
• Direct Oxidation of Codeinone to 14-Hydroxycodeinone

Oxycodone/Oxymorphone

• Oxycodone and Codeinone from Codeine
• Oxycodone and Oxymorphone from Codeine
• Oxymorphone from Oxycodone
• Oxymorphone from Oxycodone with BBr₃

Methadone

• Synthesis of Methadone
• Dibenzo-18-crown-6 as PTC in Bockmühl's synthesis of Methadone
• [Bull. Narc.] Methadone Chemistry: A Review

Fentanyl related

• Fentanyl Synthesis
• Total Synthesis of Fentanyl
• Total Synthesis of Sufentanil
• Carfentanil synthesis
• Discussions on a Fentanyl analog suggested by Drone #342
• Synthesis and evaluation of 4-Methyl-Fentanyl
• Synthesis and evaluation of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl
• Theoretical study of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl and other Fentanyl analogs
• The Identification of China White
• Fentanyl Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects

Heroin related

• Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture
• Heroin manufacture
• The original article on the synthesis of heroin
• The making of heroin
• Heroin Synthesis Review, focusing on 4-DMAP Catalyzed Acetylation of Morphine

Misc Drugs

GHB related

• GHB Synthesis FAQ
• Preparation of Sodium GHB by Chem-R-Us
• Synthesis and evaluation of 4-Methyl-GHB
• Synthesis and evaluation of the GHB analogs MAB and DABD
• Dehydrogenation of 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD) to gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)
• References for the oxidation of THF to GBL
• Synthesis of GHB/GBL from GABA (Sandmeyer Reaction)
• Sodium bromate oxidation of THF to GBL
• Solvent-free Permanganate oxidation of THF and 1,4-butanediol to GBL
• Hypochlorite oxidation of 1,4-butanediol to GBL
• Potential for gamma-Butyrolactone Synthesis from Tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-Butanediol
• 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD, BDO) - Forensic Profile
• Oxidation of THF to GBL with Calcium Hypochlorite
• Synthesis of tritiated trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic Acid (T-HCA) and GHB

Dissociatives

• Synthesis and Effects of PCP Analogs - A Review
• Illicit Synthesis of Phencyclidine (PCP) and Several of Its Analogs
• The detection of PCC contamination in PCP and TCP
• Synthesis of Eticyclidine and Rolicyclidine
• Synthesis of Ketamine
• Synthesis of Ketamine with all precursors made from scratch
• Synthesis of 4-Methoxy-PCP

Benzodiazepines

• Synthesis of Diazepam
• Synthesis of Nordiazepam
• Synthesis of Nitrazepam
• Synthesis of Clonazepam

THC related

• Fantastic THC synthesis overview
• The Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids (6 MB/78 p.)

Cocaine Related

• Illicit Production of Cocaine - A Review
• A Practical Total Synthesis of Cocaine's Enantiomers
• Synthesis of Cocaine
• Synthesis of Cocaine analogs from Arecoline
• [Bull. Narc.] Topics in the chemistry of cocaine
• Coca Cultivation & Cocaine Processing
• Nitrone Synthetic Route to Cocaine
• Cocaine containing plants
• SAR and Synthesis of Cocaine Analogs
• Phenyltropane analogs with >60x the potency of Cocaine itself
• The Cocaine Diastereoisomers
• Total Synthesis of racemic Cocaine from Furan

4-Methylaminorex Related

• [Eleusis] 4-Methyl-Aminorex Synthesis FAQ
• 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh) Information Dossier
• Appearance of Aminorex as a Designer Analog of 4-Methylaminorex
• The Stereoisomers of 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh)
• Spectral Distinction Between cis- and trans- 4-Methylaminorex
• A Fatality Involving U4Euh
• para-Fluoro-4-Methylaminorex
• Chemistry of 2-Amino-Oxazolines
• Pemoline Synthesis

Other Stimulants

• Synthesis of the stimulants Adrafinil and Modafinil
• Synthesis of 1-Benzylpiperazine (BzP, A2)
• Diarylpiperidines as potential CNS stimulants
• Synthesis of diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methanol and diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methane
• Synthesis of BPAP, a Potent and Selective Catecholamine Activity Enhancer
• Synthesis of optically pure threo-methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Salvia Divinorum & Salvinorin

• Improved extraction of Salvinorins from Salvia Divinorum
• Salvinorin Extraction and Refinement FAQ v7.6
• Possible synthesis of Salvinorin
• The Salvia Divinorum Grower's Guide

Other Drugs

• Methaqualone (Quaalude) Synthesis
• Methaqualone and Analogs - Precursors and Reaction Product Identification
• Survey of Reported Syntheses of Methaqualone and Analogs
• Synthesis of Meprobamate (Miltown)
• Synthesis of Chloral Hydrate
• Preparation of trichlorobutanol (Chlorbutol)
• Synthesis of phenylpiperazine derivatives
• Hormones and Other Anabolic Drugs
• BZ and related substances
• BZ and Other Incapacitating Agents
• Review: Amanita Muscaria (Fly Agaric) - Chemistry, Biology & Ethnomycology
• Synthesis of Muscimol
• Synthesis of several Barbiturates
• [Bull. Narc.] Barbiturates, their chemistry and synthesis
• [Bull. Narc.] The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kava-Kava
• Adrenochrome: Notes on its synthesis & Pharmacology
• Synthesis of Thiomuscimol, a potent muscimol analog
• Synthesis of Moclobemide
• Synthesis of Melperone
• Synthesis of Benzocaine
• First Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)
• Development of the Commercial Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)
• One-pot synthesis of Bupropion (Wellbutrin/Zyban)

Precursors and Reagents

Organic

• Methylamine Synthesis FAQ
• Dimethylamine HCl and Methylamine HCl from Formaldehyde
• Nitroalkane Synthesis FAQ
• Nitroethane Synthesis: A Compilation
• Oxalyl chloride
• Phenylhydrazines
• Methylene bromide
• Methylene iodide
• Cinnamic acid and beta-Bromostyrene
• Allylbenzene from cinnamyl alcohol
• Diethyl ether
• Acetic anhydride, Propionic anhydride and Acetyl chloride
• Formic acid
• Acetamide
• Amides from Carboxylic Acids and Amines%20
• Various formylation procedures
• Modified Duff Formylation with HMTA/TFA
• Aromatic Formylation using Triformamide
• Gattermann Aromatic Formylation
• Synthesis of Aromatic Aldehydes (Review)
• [OrgSyn] Anilines to Benzaldehydes
• Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners
• Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners (Improved Method)
• Info on nutmeg, extraction of nutmeg oil and isolation of myristicin
• Bromobenzene
• Iodobenzene
• Mandelic Acid and Derivatives
• para-Benzoquinone
• Toluquinone and Toluhydroquinone
• Ethyl Acetoacetate
• Notes on the use of 1-dimethylamino-2-nitroethylene (DMANE)
• Preparation of Acetophenones
• Acetophenones and Propiophenones
• Easy preparation of Chloroform
• Citric acid from lemon juice
• N-methylformamide
• Dichloromethyl methyl ether
• Chloroacetone and Bromoacetone
• Methyl Iodide from Methanol
• Ethyl Bromide from Ethanol
• Great reference on natural propenylbenzenes and aldehydes (in German)
• Natural amphetamine precursors (with pictures)
• 2-Phenylpropanal
• Allyl Alcohol
• Preparation of Diphenylacetic acids
• Alkyl Bromides from Alcohols
• [Eleusis] Alkyl Nitrites from Alcohols
• Isopropyl Nitrite doc 2.0
• [OrgSyn] Ketene
• [OrgSyn] Acetonedicarboxylic Acid
• Diethyl Sulfate
• N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS)
• Aromatic nitration with KNO₃/H₂SO₄ in DCM (ortho-Selective)
• Aromatic nitration with NaHSO₄/NaNO₃/SiO₂ in DCM
• Acetaldehyde and Paraldehyde - Preparation and Interconversion
• Tetrabutylammonium Bromide (TBAB)
• 2-Nitropropene
• Ethyl Acetate
• Diethyl Azodicarboxylate (DEAD)
• Nitrobenzene and Aniline
• Reduction of Nitrobenzenes to Anilines with Activated Iron
• Chloroacetic acid
• Benzylamine and its N-Methyl and N,N-Dimethyl derivatives
• Methylisopropylamine
• Alkyl Chlorides to Alkyl Bromides using CaBr₂/PTC
• alpha-Phenylethylamine, Synthesis and Optical Resolution
• Synthesis and resolution of alpha-Phenethylamine
• 3-Hydroxythiophenol (mono-thioresorcinol)
• Acids to aldehydes using Saccharin and Red-Al
• One-pot Conversion of Alcohols to Primary Amines
• Phenol methylation with Betaine
• Propionic Acid from n-Propanol or MEK
• 6-Nitro- and 4-Nitro-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• Optically active cyanohydrins by use of Almond meal
• The preparation and use of Diazomethane
• The preparation and use of Methylene Sulfate
• The preparation of Ethyl and Methyl Sulfonic Acid Esters from Ortoformates
• Bromination Method for Anilines and Anisoles Using NH₄Br/H₂O₂ in Acetic Acid

Inorganic

• Iodine Fact File
• Phosphorus Fact File
• Red Phosphorus from matchbook strikers
• Chemical Behaviour of Red Phosphorus in Water
• [OrgSyn] Cyanogen Iodide (ICN)
• Potassium dichromate
• Palladium & Platinum catalysts preparation FAQ
• Recovery of Platinum from Laboratory Residues
• Urushibara Catalysts - New Hydrogenation Catalysts
• Rochelle salt (Potassium Sodium Tartrate)
• Sodium Cyanide Preparation + Destruction of Waste Cyanide
• Copper Chromite (dehydrogenation catalyst)
• Mercury Salts (HgCl₂, Hg₂Cl₂, HgSO₄)
• Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH)
• Non-Solvated Aluminum Hydride
• Lead Tetraacetate, Pb(OAc)₄
• Sodium Nitrite
• Guanidine Nitrate from Calcium Cyanamide
• Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
• Manganese(III)acetate
• H₂O₂ FAQ from H₂O₂.com
• Cyanogen Bromide (CNBr)
• Liquid Anhydrous Ammonia
• Aluminum Chloride and Aluminum Bromide
• Lithium Borohydride
• Dithionite Salts Preparation
• Palladium(II)Chloride, PdCl₂
• Sodium Cyanoborohydride
• Thionyl Chloride Purification
• Hydrazine Sulfate (OTC Prep)
• Tetrakis(Triphenylphosphine)Palladium(0)
• Chlorotris(Triphenylphosphine)Rhodium(I) (Wilkinson's Catalyst)
• Pyrophosphoryl Chloride
• Preparation of the hydrated diacetate salts of Chromium(II) and Copper(II)
• Preparation of Cupric Chloride, and various Cuprous Halides

Preparation of Gases

• Preparation of 57% Hydriodic Acid
• Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide and 57% Hydriodic Acid
• Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide from 57% aqueous HI and phosphorous pentoxide
• Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride
• Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride (Ghetto Prep)
• Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride [ HCl_(aq) + CaCl₂ ]
• Hydrogen Gas
• Chlorine
• Nitrous Oxide

Law Related

• DEA's Suspicious Chemical Orders Task Force
• Special Surveillance List of Chemicals, Products, Materials and Equipment
• Code of Federal Regulations - Schedules of Controlled Substances
• Watched and Listed chemicals in the US
• Buying Chemicals, Glassware and Lab Equipment
• Abstracts from the forensic journal J. Cland. Lab. Invest. Chem. Assoc.
• Yogi Shan's Clandestine Chemistry FAQ
• Clandestine Drug Laboratories
• DEA report on future synthetic drugs of abuse
• Alexander Shulgin elaborates on future drugs of abuse
• Shulgin on Controlled Substance Analogues: How similar is substantially similar?
• Clandestine Drug Synthesis (Review by W. H. Soine)
• Dave Nichols: Substituted Amphetamine Controlled Substance Analogues
• Designer Drugs: An Overview
• Methamphetamine Control Act
• Methamphetamine Control Act FAQ
• Methamphetamine Precursor Chemical Control in the 1990's
• Precursors Frequently used in Clandestine Laboratories by INCB
• Drugs and Chemicals of Concern
• Drug Precursor Chemical Control in Canada
• Amphetamine-type Stimulants - A Global Overview
• Chemical Diversion and Synthetic Drug Manufacture
• Code of Practice for Supply Diversion into Illicit Drug Manufacture (Australia, June 2004)
• The Control and Monitoring of Drugs and Chemicals to Prevent their Diversion for Illicit Use (Australia)

Controlled Substances and Precursors

• CSA - Canada
• CSA - Canada, with structural diagrams
• CSA - United States (Schedules 1999)
• CSA - United States (Entire Act)
• CSA - United States (Controlled substances and exemptions)
• CSA - Germany
• Grundstoffüberwachungsgesetz (Germany)
• Regulation on narcotic substances (Iceland)
• Sweden - Controlled Substances
• Norway - Controlled Substances
• Norway - List of herbs and compounds classified as pharmaceuticals
• CSA - Estonia
• Drug precursors subject to EU authorisations
• List I and List II Chemicals (US)
• UN Report INCB/1999/4 on illicit drug precursor trafficking
• UN Report INCB/1998/4 on illicit drug precursor trafficking

Equipment & Lab Technique

• Recrystallization and Acid/Base Extraction - The Basics
• Recrystallization Technique
• Homemade microgram scale
• Natural pH Indicators
• Pump-less Condenser Cooling Water Circulator
• Condenser Ice-Cooling Setup
• Inexpensive Microscale Magnetic Stirrer
• Magnetic Stirrer Plans
• Improvised Overhead Stirrer
• Basic Lab Skills - Crystallization, Distillation, Extraction, TLC, melting point
• The Visual Organic Chemistry Laboratory - Lab technique explained in detail with pictures
• Extraction Theory
• Beginners Guide to Soxhlet Extraction
• Handling of air- and moisture-sensitive reagents (Aldrich Bulletin)
• How to perform extractions and washes with a separatory funnel
• Destruction and neutralization of hazardous lab waste
• How thick is your Aluminum Foil?
• Ultra-micro boiling point determination
• Heat sources and heating bath fluids
• Titrating of Organometallic Reagents (such as RLi and t-BuOK)
• Wine Corks as Stands for Round-Bottomed Flasks
• Small Scale Reactor for Ultraviolet Photochemistry
• Hydrogen Chloride Gas Generators Associated with Clandestine Drug Labs

Glassware

• Scientific Glassblowing, Part 1 (DejaVu Format)
• Scientific Glassblowing, Part 2 (DejaVu Format)
• Description of Equipment and Basic Lab Setups
• The Glassware Gallery - Drawings and Descriptions of Lab Equipment
• Simple Glass to Fancy Glass
• Construction of an Inline Gas Dryer (moisture protection tube)
• A Simple and Easy Quick-Connect System for Condenser Hoses
• Ground Glassware - Sizes and standards
• Construction of a Liebig condenser from copper tubing

Vacuum

• Comprehensive Vacuum Pump FAQ with sections about Vacuum Gauges and Tubing
• Digital vacuum gauge
• Aspirator vacuum station with no need for running water
• Needle Gauge sizes

Hydrogenation

• Tips for Safe Parr Hydrogenator Use
• Parr Hydrogenation Apparatus Manual
• Cheap and efficient hydrogenation apparatus
• Construction and operation of a catalytic hydrogenation bomb

Filtration

• Efficient and Inexpensive Apparatus for Hot Filtration
• Do it yourself büchner funnel
• How to perform a vacuum filtration

Fume Hoods

• Design for a Miniature Portable Fume Hood
• Construction and Selection of Fume Hood Designs
• Constructing a good fume hood (DejaVu Format)
• Designing a Chemistry Laboratory (DejaVu Format)
• Inexpensive, Yet Effective Glove Box

Distillation

• Excellent Illustrated Tutorial on Simple & Vacuum Distillations, vacuum bp calculation etc.
• Setup for standard, vacuum and fractional distillation
• All-glass rotary evaporator
• Distillation with a Rotary Evaporator - Theory & Practice
• Rotary Evaporators - Theory & Practice
• New Glassware for Small-Scale Distillation
• Microscale Vacuum Distillation Apparatus for Simple Separations
• Construction of a Compact Steam Distillation Apparatus
• The Basics of Distillation
• Very detailed distillation setup instructions
• How to set up distillation equipment and much more (in German)
• Efficient Kugelrohr Distillation Cooling
• Build your own high-quality still

Chromatography

• Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) tutorial from Zubrick (DejaVu Format)
• Making TLC Plates from Bulk TLC Silica Gels
• How to Cut TLC Plastic and Aluminum Sheets correctly?
• TLC Tutorial Movie (Quicktime)
• How to perform flash chromatography
• First journal article describing flash chromatography
• Amateur Chromatography and Electrophoresis
• Flash Pad Chromatography - Simple Alternative to Columns
• Dry Column Vacuum Chromatography
• Dry-Column Flash Chromatography
• 'Dry Flash' Column Chromatography
• TLC Mesh Column Chromatography
• Dry-Column Chromatography (High-capacity TLC Derivative Method)
• Detection (Visualization) of TLC Zones
• Manual Microscale Column Chromatography Pressurization Apparatus
• Quantitative & Qualitative TLC Analysis: Digital Image Processing With any Digital Camera
• Column Chromatography Tutorial (Microscale)
• Safe and Efficient Flash Chromatography Equipment for the Small Lab

Solvents

• Instructions on how to use drying agents
• Drying Agent Selection Guide
• Drying Agent Data
• Some Common Drying Agents
• Drying of Solvents and Laboratory Chemicals
• Drying solvents with Sodium/Benzophenone
• Miscibility of Common Solvents
• Solvent Miscibility and Polarity
• Solvent recovery of Tetrahydrofuran
• Distillation and drying of solvents
• Purification of laboratory solvents
• Azeotrope database
• Physical properties of solvents and other liquids
• NMR Solvents
• Technical Information & Safe Handling Guide for Methanol

Chemical Data

• Calculate the boiling point of liquids under vacuum
• Convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees
• Convert vacuum, pressure, volume and length units
• Convert between different pressure units
• Chemputer - Calculate reaction yields
• HTML Periodic Chart
• Types and properties of hydrofluorocarbons/HFCs and freons/CFCs
• Celsius/Fahrenheit Concersion Chart
• Common Concentrations of Acids and Bases (weight%, molarity, density)
• Comprehensive pKa table of organic compounds
• Comprehensive pKa table of organic compounds in DMSO
• A collection of liquid reagents along with their molarities
• Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook
• Chemical calculator
• Chemical resistance tables for a wide range of materials
• Useful Tables for Lab Use - Properties, Units, Solutions, Safety & a Periodic System (PDF)
• Molarity of Concentrated Reagents, Acids & Bases

Multimedia

• Clandestine Chemistry Photo Album
• From Safrole to MDA
• Reductive amination of MDP2P with Al/Hg and Nitromethane
• Bucket Reductive Amination via MethylMan Al/Hg Nitromethane
• Red P/Iodine Reduction of Pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine
• PCP Synthesis via Enamine Intermediate
• Methylamine from Ammonium Chloride and Formaldehyde
• Illustrated Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethene and -nitroethane
• Distillation apparatus setup (Quicktime)
• Vacuum distillation procedure (Windows Media File)
• Organic Laboratory Instructional Video Clips
• The best tribute to The Hive that has ever been seen

Miscellaneous

• OTC Solvents FAQ 1.0
• Extraction FAQ
• An introduction to catalytic transfer hydrogenation
• PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hydrogen Peroxide
• PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hypochlorite
• Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols to Ketones Using Hypochlorite
• Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzaldehydes with NaBr-Oxone
• Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzaldehydes with DMSO
• Silica Gel Supported Jones Reagent for the Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes
• General procedure for Collins reagent oxidations
• Psychotomimetic Chemical Weapons
• Technical information on hard gelatin capsules
• Gelatin capsule size chart
• General Alkaloid Extraction Doc
• Grignard Reaction Notes
• Grignard Reactions in "Wet" Ether
• Aldehydes from grignard reagents and formic acid salts
• Aldehydes from grignard reagents using 2-(N-Methyl,N-Formylamino)pyridine
• Reduction of Acid Chlorides to Aldehydes using Sodium Borohydride & Pyridine
• Wizard X's Homepage
• The Complete Organic Synthesis online (with structure search engine)
• The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend POPeye
• The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend Eleusis/Zwitterion
• m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) Reaction Handbook
• m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) Technical Bulletin
• Color test drug identification reference
• Comprehensive organic reduction overview
• Essential Oils in Hundreds of Plants, all Containing Phenylpropene Derivatives
• E-Book: Vogel's Practical Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. (DejaVu Format)
• Nickel-on-Charcoal - A dirt cheap Pd/C alternative?
• Nickel-on-Charcoal - Improved preparation
• A Whirlwind Tour of Current Mitsunobu Chemistry
• Aryl Halides to Thiophenols using Thiourea
• The Watcher's Chemistry Works (Snapshot Jan 2003)
• CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups
• CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups
• Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - Activation, Deactivation and Regioselectivity
• E-Book: 'Hydrogenation Methods' by Paul. N. Rylander (DejaVu Format)
• Synthesis of Methanesulfonate Esters (Mesylates) From Alcohols
• The Biochemistry of Drugs and Poisons
• The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Monographs
• 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): One Designer Drug and Serendipity
• Two-Carbon Homologation of Grignard Reagents to Primary Amines
• One-Pot Synthesis of Carbamates: Alkylation of Amines with R-O-Ts/PTC/K₂CO₃/CO₂
• Rapid Reduction of Carbonyl Group to Methylene with PMHS-B(C6F5)3
• Cyanuric Chloride: Converting Carboxylic Acids into Chlorides/Esters/Amides

References

• Lilienthal's Pharmacological and Chemical References
• Large collection of phenethylamine and tryptamine synth refs
• Phenethylamine synthesis patents
• Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines - Comprehensive Literature Search
• Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by Condensation of Benzaldehydes with Nitroalkanes
• Neurotransmitter.Net - Great Abstracted Neuropharmacology Archive
• The collected works of hallucinogen researcher Richard A Glennon
• Organic Structure Determination Bibliography
• The Albert Hofmann Collection: LSD & Psilocybin References
• MDMA: A Review of the English-Language Scientific and Medical Literature
• Detection and Analysis of Drugs of Forensic Interest, Literature Review 1992-2001
• Literature Review: Forensic Analysis of GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD

Microwave Chemistry Research

• Microwave Chemistry tips
• Microwave Chemistry FAQ
• Dariusz Bogdall's Microwave Syntheses
• Miscellaneous information on clays
• MW-chem: Preparation of alkyl azides from alkyl bromides
• MW-chem: Reductive amination with NaBH₄
• MW-chem: Reduction of carbonyl compounds with NaBH₄
• MW-chem: Nitroalkene preparation from benzaldehydes
• MW-chem: Benzaldehydes from alcohols using MnO2/Silica
• MW-chem: Preparation of beta-nitrostyrenes from styrenes
• MW-chem: An introductory overview from New Scientist by Gavin Whittaker
• MW-Chem: Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation
• MW-Chem: Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation
• MW-Chem: Ethers from alcohols and alkyl halides
• MW-chem: Theoretical and mechanistical background
• MW-chem: Organic Chemistry Review
• MW-chem: Wolff-Kishner reduction of ketones to hydrocarbons
• MW-chem: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones
• MW-chem: High-yielding Azidation of Primary and Secondary Tosylates
• MW-chem: Solvent-Free Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Inactive Aryl Halides